O'nyong'nyong virus
O'nyong'nyong virus | |
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Infectious disease |
The o'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV) was first isolated by researchers at the
Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms of infection with the virus are
Cause
O'nyong'nyong virus | |
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Kitrinoviricota |
Class: | Alsuviricetes |
Order: | Martellivirales |
Family: | Togaviridae |
Genus: | Alphavirus |
Species: | O'nyong'nyong virus
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Strains
ONNV has at least three major subtypes, or strains, the genomic sequences of which are currently available on genome databases.
Transmission
ONNV is transmitted by bites from an infected mosquito. It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae)[citation needed].
Epidemiology
There have been two epidemics of o'nyong'nyong fever. The first occurred from 1959 to 1962, spreading from Uganda to Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Malawi and Mozambique, and affecting over two million people, one of the largest arbovirus epidemics ever recorded.[6][7] The first virus isolates were obtained during this outbreak from mosquitoes and human blood samples collected from Gulu in northern Uganda in 1959.[8]
The second epidemic in 1996–1997 was confined to Uganda.[9] The 35-year hiatus between the two outbreaks and evidence of an outbreak in 1904–1906 in Uganda indicate a 30–50 year cycle for epidemics.[10]
In 2013, ONNV was confirmed as the cause of disease in a 60-year-old German woman who became infected while traveling in East Africa.[11] In 2015–2016 there was a minor outbreak in Uganda with 51 suspected cases.[citation needed]
There has been a minor outbreak in Mombasa (Kenya) and the County Government of Mombasa issued a warning. [12]
A 2015 study indicated that ONNV is endemic in coastal East Africa, along with chikungunya virus.[13]