Presidency of Barack Obama
Presidency of Barack Obama January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 | |
Cabinet | See list |
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Party | Democratic |
Election | |
Seat | White House |
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Archived website Library website |
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Pre-presidency
44th President of the United States First term Second term Post-presidency Publications Personal
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Obama's accomplishments during
Obama signed many landmark bills into law during his first two years in office. The main reforms include: the
After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was
Barack Obama has been featured in presidential rankings since 2010. Scholars and historians place him in the upper tier of American presidents.
Major acts and legislation
2008 election
After winning election to represent Illinois in the Senate in 2004, Obama announced that he would run for president in February 2007.[5] In the 2008 Democratic primary, Obama faced Senator and former First Lady Hillary Clinton. Several other candidates, including Senator Joe Biden of Delaware and former Senator John Edwards, also ran for the nomination, but these candidates dropped out after the initial primaries. In June, on the day of the final primaries, Obama clinched the nomination by winning a majority of the delegates, including both pledged delegates and superdelegates.[6] Obama and Biden, whom Obama selected as his running mate, were nominated as the Democratic ticket at the August 2008 Democratic National Convention.
With Republican President
Transition period, inauguration, and first 100 days
The
Inaugural address
The full text of Barack Obama's First Inaugural Address at Wikisource.
First 100 days
Within minutes of Obama's taking office, his chief of staff,
On January 29, Obama signed a bill for the first time in his presidency; the
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the
Administration
The Obama cabinet | ||
---|---|---|
Office | Name | Term |
President | Barack Obama | 2009–2017 |
Vice President | Joe Biden | 2009–2017 |
Secretary of State | Hillary Clinton | 2009–2013 |
John Kerry | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of the Treasury | Timothy Geithner | 2009–2013 |
Jack Lew | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Defense | Robert Gates* | 2006–2011 |
Leon Panetta | 2011–2013 | |
Chuck Hagel | 2013–2015 | |
Ash Carter | 2015–2017 | |
Attorney General | Eric Holder | 2009–2015 |
Loretta Lynch | 2015–2017 | |
Secretary of the Interior | Ken Salazar | 2009–2013 |
Sally Jewell | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Agriculture | Tom Vilsack | 2009–2017 |
Secretary of Commerce | Gary Locke | 2009–2011 |
John Bryson | 2011–2012 | |
Penny Pritzker | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Labor | Hilda Solis | 2009–2013 |
Tom Perez | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Health and Human Services | Kathleen Sebelius | 2009–2014 |
Sylvia Mathews Burwell | 2014–2017 | |
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | Shaun Donovan | 2009–2014 |
Julian Castro | 2014–2017 | |
Secretary of Transportation | Ray LaHood | 2009–2013 |
Anthony Foxx | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Energy | Steven Chu | 2009–2013 |
Ernest Moniz | 2013–2017 | |
Secretary of Education | Arne Duncan | 2009–2016 |
John King Jr. | 2016–2017 | |
Secretary of Veterans Affairs | Eric Shinseki | 2009–2014 |
Bob McDonald | 2014–2017 | |
Secretary of Homeland Security | Janet Napolitano | 2009–2013 |
Jeh Johnson | 2013–2017 | |
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency | Lisa Jackson | 2009–2013 |
Gina McCarthy | 2013–2017 | |
Director of the Office of Management and Budget | Peter Orszag | 2009–2010 |
Jack Lew | 2010–2012 | |
Sylvia Mathews Burwell | 2013–2014 | |
Shaun Donovan | 2014–2017 | |
United States Trade Representative | Ron Kirk | 2009–2013 |
Michael Froman | 2013–2017 | |
Ambassador to the United Nations | Susan Rice | 2009–2013 |
Samantha Power | 2013–2017 | |
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers | Christina Romer | 2009–2010 |
Austan Goolsbee | 2010–2011 | |
Alan Krueger | 2011–2013 | |
Jason Furman | 2013–2017 | |
Administrator of the Small Business Administration | Karen Mills** | 2009–2013 |
Maria Contreras-Sweet | 2014–2017 | |
Chief of Staff | Rahm Emanuel | 2009–2010 |
William M. Daley | 2011–2012 | |
Jack Lew | 2012–2013 | |
Denis McDonough | 2013–2017 | |
*Retained from previous administration **Elevated to cabinet-level in January 2012 |
Cabinet
Following his inauguration, Obama and the Senate worked to confirm his nominees to the
Notable non-Cabinet positions
- Counselor to the President
- Pete Rouse (2011–2014)
- John Podesta (2014–2015)
- Senior Advisor to the President
- Valerie Jarrett (2009–2017)
- Pete Rouse (2009–2010)
- David Axelrod (2009–2011)
- David Plouffe (2011–2013)
- Daniel Pfeiffer (2013–2015)
- Brian Deese (2015–2017)
- Shailagh Murray (2015–2017)
- White House Deputy Chief of Staff
- Jim Messina (2009–2011)
- Mona Sutphen (2009–2011)
- Nancy-Ann DeParle (2011–2013)
- Alyssa Mastromonaco (2011–2014)
- Mark B. Childress (2012–2014)
- Rob Nabors (2013–2015)
- Anita Decker Breckenridge (2014–2017)
- Kristie Canegallo (2014–2017)
- White House Press Secretary
- Robert Gibbs (2009–2011)
- Jay Carney (2011–2014)
- Josh Earnest (2014–2017)
- White House Communications Director
- Ellen Moran (2009)
- Anita Dunn (2009)
- Daniel Pfeiffer (2009–2013)
- Jennifer Palmieri (2013–2015)
- Jen Psaki (2015–2017)
- White House Counsel
- Greg Craig(2009–2010)
- Bob Bauer (2010–2011)
- Kathryn Ruemmler (2011–2014)
- Neil Eggleston (2014–2017)
Security and international affairs
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Economic affairs
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†Appointed by President Bush
‡Originally appointed by President Bush, reappointed by President Obama
Judicial appointments
United States Supreme Court nominations
There were three vacancies on the Supreme Court of the United States during Obama's tenure, but Obama made only two successful appointments. During the 111th Congress, when Democrats held a majority in the Senate, Obama successfully nominated two Supreme Court Justices:
- Sonia Sotomayor, replacing David Souter – 2009
- Elena Kagan, replacing John Paul Stevens – 2010
Justice Antonin Scalia died in February 2016, during the 114th Congress, which had a Republican majority in the Senate. In March 2016, Obama nominated Chief Judge Merrick Garland of the D.C. Circuit to fill Scalia's seat.[34] However, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Judiciary Committee Chair Chuck Grassley, and other Senate Republicans argued that Supreme Court nominations should not be made during a presidential election year, and that the winner of the 2016 presidential election should instead appoint Scalia's replacement.[34][35] Garland's nomination remained before the Senate for longer than any other Supreme Court nomination in history,[36] and the nomination expired with the end of the 114th Congress.[37] President Donald Trump later nominated Neil Gorsuch to Scalia's former seat on the Supreme Court, and Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate in April 2017.
Other courts
Clinton | Bush | Obama | |
---|---|---|---|
Supreme Court | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Appellate courts | 62 | 61 | 49 |
District courts | 306 | 263 | 270 |
Other courts | 9 | 4 | 10 |
Obama's presidency saw the continuation of battles between both parties over the confirmation of judicial nominees. Democrats continually accused Republicans of stalling nominees throughout Obama's tenure.[39] After several nomination battles, Senate Democrats in 2013 reformed the use of the filibuster so that it could no longer be used on executive or judicial nominations (excluding the Supreme Court).[40] Republicans took over the Senate after the 2014 elections, giving them the power to block any judicial nominee,[41] and the 114th Congress confirmed just 20 judicial nominees, the lowest number of confirmations since the 82nd Congress.[42] Obama's judicial nominees were significantly more diverse than those of previous administrations, with more appointments going to women and minorities.[39]
Domestic affairs
Health care reform
Senate | House | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bill/Treaty | Dem. | Rep. | Dem. | Rep. |
ARRA | 58–0 | 3–37 | 244–11 | 0–177 |
ACA
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60–0 | 0–39 | 219–34 | 0–178 |
Dodd-Frank | 57–1 | 3–35 | 234–19 | 3–173 |
ACES | No vote | 211–44 | 8–168 | |
DADTRA | 57–0 | 8–31 | 235–15 | 15–160 |
DREAM | 52–5 | 3–36 | 208–38 | 8–160 |
New START | 58–0 | 13–26 | No vote (treaty) | |
2010 TRA | 44–14 | 37–5 | 139–112 | 138–36 |
Once the stimulus bill was enacted in February 2009, health care reform became Obama's top domestic priority, and the 111th Congress passed a major bill that eventually became widely known as "
The
The Affordable Care Act faced considerable challenges and opposition after its passage, and Republicans continually attempted to repeal the law.[60] The law also survived two major challenges that went to the Supreme Court.[61] In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, a 5–4 majority upheld the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act, even though it made state Medicaid expansion voluntary. In King v. Burwell, a 6–3 majority allowed the use of tax credits in state-operated exchanges. The October 2013 launch of HealthCare.gov, a health insurance exchange website created under the provisions of the ACA, was widely criticized,[62] even though many of the problems were fixed by the end of the year.[63] The number of uninsured Americans dropped from 20.2% of the population in 2010 to 13.3% of the population in 2015,[64] though Republicans continued to oppose Obamacare as an unwelcome expansion of government.[65] Many liberals continued to push for a single-payer healthcare system or a public option,[52] and Obama endorsed the latter proposal, as well as an expansion of health insurance tax credits, in 2016.[66]
Wall Street reform
Risky practices among the major financial institutions on
Climate change and the environment
During his presidency, Obama described
Obama's campaign to fight global warming found more success at the international level than in Congress. Obama attended the
From the beginning of his presidency, Obama took several actions to raise
According to a report by The American Lung Association, there was a "major improvement" in air quality under Obama.[95]
Economy
Year | Unemploy- ment[96] |
Real GDP Growth[97] |
US Government[98][99] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Receipts | Outlays | Deficit | Debt | |||
ending | Dec 31 (Calendar Year) | Sep 30 (Fiscal Year)[c] | ||||
2007* | 4.6% | 2.0% | $2.568 | $2.729 | − $0.161 | $5.0 |
2008* | 5.8% | 0.1% | $2.524 | $2.983 | − $0.459 | $5.8 |
2009 | 9.3% | −2.6% | $2.105 | $3.518 | − $1.413 | $7.5 |
2010 | 9.6% | 2.7% | $2.163 | $3.457 | − $1.294 | $9.0 |
2011 | 8.9% | 1.5% | $2.303 | $3.603 | − $1.300 | $10.1 |
2012 | 8.1% | 2.3% | $2.450 | $3.527 | − $1.077 | $11.3 |
2013 | 7.4% | 1.8% | $2.775 | $3.455 | − $0.680 | $12.0 |
2014 | 6.2% | 2.3% | $3.021 | $3.506 | − $0.485 | $12.8 |
2015 | 5.3% | 2.7% | $3.250 | $3.692 | − $0.442 | $13.1 |
2016 | 4.9% | 1.7% | $3.268 | $3.853 | − $0.585 | $14.2 |
Upon entering office, Obama focused on handling the
There was a
GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a 1.6% pace, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.[124] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[124] The country's real GDP grew by about 2% in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014, peaking at 2.9% in 2015.[125][126] In the aftermath of the recession, median household income (adjusted for inflation) declined during Obama's first term, before recovering to a new record high in his final year.[127] The poverty rate peaked at 15.1% in 2010 but declined to 12.7% in 2016, which was still higher than the 12.5% pre-recession figure of 2007.[128][129][130] The relatively small GDP growth rates in the United States and other developed countries following the Great Recession left economists and others wondering whether US growth rates would ever return to the levels seen in the second half of the twentieth century.[131][132]
Taxation
Income bracket | Clinton[d] | Bush[e] | Obama[f] |
---|---|---|---|
Bottom | 15% | 10% | 10% |
2nd | 28% | 15% | 15% |
3rd | 31% | 25% | 25% |
4th | 36% | 28% | 28% |
5th | – | 33% | 33% |
6th | – | – | 35% |
Top | 39.6% | 35% | 39.6% |
Obama's presidency saw an extended battle over taxes that ultimately led to the permanent extension of most of the
Shortly after Obama's 2012 re-election, Congressional Republicans and Obama again faced off over the final fate of the Bush tax cuts. Republicans sought to make all tax cuts permanent, while Obama sought to extend the tax cuts only for those making under $250,000.[140] Obama and Congressional Republicans came to an agreement on the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which made permanent the tax cuts for individuals making less than $400,000 a year (or less than $450,000 for couples).[140] For earnings greater than that amount, the income tax increased from 35% to 39.6%, which was the top rate before the passage of the Bush tax cuts.[141] The deal also permanently indexed the alternative minimum tax for inflation, limited deductions for individuals making more than $250,000 ($300,000 for couples), permanently set the estate tax exemption at $5.12 million (indexed to inflation), and increased the top estate tax rate from 35% to 40%.[141] Though many Republicans did not like the deal, the bill passed the Republican House in large part due to the fact that the failure to pass any bill would have resulted in the total expiration of the Bush tax cuts.[140][142]
Budget and debt ceiling
After taking control of the House in the
In October 2013, the government
LGBT rights
During his presidency, Obama, Congress, and the Supreme Court all contributed to a major expansion of
Education
The Great Recession of 2008–09 caused a sharp decline in tax revenues in all cities and states. The response was to cut education budgets. Obama's $800 billion stimulus package included $100 billion for public schools, which every state used to protect its educational budget. However, in terms of sponsoring innovation, Obama and his Education Secretary
Obama also advocated for universal
Immigration
From the beginning of his presidency, Obama supported comprehensive immigration reform, including a pathway to citizenship for many immigrants illegally residing in the United States.[179] However, Congress did not pass a comprehensive immigration bill during Obama's tenure, and Obama turned to executive actions. In the 2010 lame-duck session, Obama supported passage of the DREAM Act, which passed the House but failed to overcome a Senate filibuster in a 55–41 vote in favor of the bill.[180] In 2013, the Senate passed an immigration bill with a path to citizenship, but the House did not vote on the bill.[181][182] In 2012, Obama implemented the DACA policy, which protected roughly 700,000 illegal immigrants from deportation; the policy applies only to those who were brought to the United States before their 16th birthday.[183] In 2014, Obama announced a new executive order that would have protected another four million illegal immigrants from deportation,[184] but the order was blocked by the Supreme Court in a 4–4 tie vote that upheld a lower court's ruling.[185] Despite executive actions to protect some individuals, deportations of illegal immigrants continued under Obama. A record high of 400,000 deportations occurred in 2012, though the number of deportations fell during Obama's second term.[186] In continuation of a trend that began with the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the percentage of foreign-born people living in the United States reached 13.7% in 2015, higher than at any point since the early 20th century.[187][188] After having risen since 1990, the number of illegal immigrants living in the United States stabilized at around 11.5 million individuals during Obama's presidency, down from a peak of 12.2 million in 2007.[189][190]
The nation's
Energy
Energy production boomed during the Obama administration.[193] An increase in oil production was driven largely by a fracking boom spurred by private investment on private land, and the Obama administration played only a small role in this development.[193] The Obama administration promoted the growth of renewable energy,[194] and solar power generation tripled during Obama's presidency.[195] Obama also issued numerous energy efficiency standards, contributing to a flattening of growth of the total US energy demand.[196] In May 2010, Obama extended a moratorium on offshore drilling permits after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which was the worst oil spill in US history.[197][198] In December 2016, President Obama invoked the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act to ban offshore oil and gas exploration in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.[199]
During Obama's tenure, the battle over the
Drug policy and criminal justice reform
The Obama administration took a few steps to reform the criminal justice system at a time when many in both parties felt that the US had gone too far in incarcerating drug offenders,
During Obama's presidency, there was a sharp rise in opioid mortality. Many of the deaths – then and now – result from fentanyl consumption where an overdose is more likely than with heroin consumption. And many people died because they were not aware of this difference or thought that they would administer themselves heroin or a drug mixture but actually used pure fentanyl.[216] Health experts criticized the government's response as slow and weak.[217][218]
Gun control
Upon taking office in 2009, Obama expressed support for reinstating the Federal Assault Weapons Ban; but did not make a strong push to pass it-or any new gun control legislation early on in his presidency.[219] During his first year in office, Obama signed into law two bills containing amendments reducing restrictions on gun owners, one which permitted guns to be transported in checked baggage on Amtrak trains[220] and another allowing the concealed carry of loaded firearms in National Parks, located in states where concealed carry was permitted.[221][222]
Following the December 2012
Cybersecurity
Racial issues
In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,[232][233] but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.[234]
Following Obama's election, many pondered the existence of a "postracial America".
NASA space policy
In July 2009, Obama appointed
High tech initiatives
Obama promoted various technologies and the technological prowess of the United States. The number of American adults using the
Foreign affairs
The Obama administration inherited a
Iraq and Afghanistan
Year | Iraq | Afghanistan |
---|---|---|
2007* | 137,000[279] | 26,000[279] |
2008* | 154,000[279] | 27,500[279] |
2009 | 139,500[279] | 34,400[279] |
2010 | 107,100[279] | 71,700[279] |
2011 | 47,000[279] | 97,000[279] |
2012 | 150[280] | 91,000[281] |
2013 | ≈150 | 66,000[282] |
2014 | ≈150 | 38,000[283] |
2015 | 2,100[284] | 12,000[285] |
2016 | 4,450[286] | 9,800[287] |
2017 | 5,300[288] | 8,400[289] |
During the
It is unacceptable that almost seven years after nearly 3,000 Americans were killed on our soil, the terrorists who attacked us on 9/11 are still at large. Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahari are recording messages to their followers and plotting more terror. The Taliban controls parts of Afghanistan. Al Qaeda has an expanding base in Pakistan that is probably no farther from their old Afghan sanctuary than a train ride from Washington to Philadelphia. If another attack on our homeland comes, it will likely come from the same region where 9/11 was planned. And yet today, we have five times more troops in Iraq than Afghanistan.[299]
— Obama during his 2008 presidential campaign speech
Obama increased the number of American soldiers in Afghanistan during his first term before withdrawing most military personnel in his second term. On taking office, Obama announced that the
East Asia
Though other areas of the world remained important to American foreign policy, Obama pursued a "pivot" to
Russia
On taking office, Obama called for a "
US–Russia relations declined after
Israel
The relationship between Obama and
During Obama's last months in office, his administration chose not to veto United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which urged the end of Israeli settlement in the territories that Israel captured in the Six-Day War of 1967. The Obama administration argued that the abstention was consistent with long-standing American opposition to the expansion of settlements, while critics of the abstention argued that it abandoned a close US ally.[338]
Trade agreements
Like his predecessor, Obama pursued
Obama promoted two significantly larger, multilateral free trade agreements: the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with eleven Pacific Rim countries, including Japan, Mexico, and Canada, and the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the European Union.[341] TPP negotiations began under President Bush, and Obama continued them as part of a long-term strategy that sought to refocus on rapidly growing economies in East Asia.[342] The chief administration goals in the TPP, included: (1) establishing free market capitalism as the main normative platform for economic integration in the region; (2) guaranteeing standards for intellectual property rights, especially regarding copyright, software, and technology; (3) underscore American leadership in shaping the rules and norms of the emerging global order; (4) and blocking China from establishing a rival network.[343]
After years of negotiations, the 12 countries reached a final agreement on the content of the TPP in October 2015,
In June 2011, it was reported that the US Embassy aided Levi's, Hanes contractors in their fight against an increase in Haiti's minimum wage.[352]
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
In 2002, the Bush administration established the
Killing of Osama bin Laden
The Obama administration launched a successful operation that resulted in the
Drone warfare
Obama expanded the
Starting in 2011, in response to Obama's attempts to avoid civilian casualties, the
As of 2015, US drone strikes had killed eight American citizens, one of whom,
Cuban thaw
The Obama presidency saw a major thaw in relations with Cuba, which the United States
Iranian nuclear negotiations
Iran and the United States have had a poor
Arab Spring and its aftermath
After a sudden revolution in Tunisia in 2011,
Libya
Libya was strongly affected by the Arab Spring. Anti-government protests broke out in
Syrian civil war
Syria was one of the states most heavily affected by the Arab Spring, and by the second half of March 2011, major anti-government protests were being held in Syria.
Foreign and domestic surveillance
The Obama administration inherited several government surveillance programs from the Bush administration, and Obama attempted to strike a balance between protecting civil liberties and tracking terrorist threats, but Obama's continuation of many programs disappointed many civil libertarians.
Ethics
Lobbying reform
Early in his presidential campaign, Obama stated that lobbyists "won't find a job in my White House", but softened his stance after taking office.[440] On January 21, 2009, Obama issued an executive order for all future appointees to his administration, which ordered that no appointee who was a registered lobbyist within the two years before his appointment could participate on matters in which he lobbied for a period of two years after the date of appointment.[15] Three formal waivers were initially issued in early 2009, out of 800 executive appointments:[441] The Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington criticized the administration, claiming that Obama retreated from his own ethics rules barring lobbyists from working on the issues about which they lobbied during the previous two years by issuing waivers.[442] A 2015 Politico investigation found that, while Obama had instituted incremental reforms and the number of lobbyists fell during Obama's presidency, Obama had failed to close the "revolving door" of officials moving between government and business.[443] However, the Obama administration avoided "conflict of interest" scandals that previous administrations had experienced, in part due to the administration's lobbyist rules.[444]
Transparency
Obama promised that he would run the "most transparent" administration in US history, with mixed results.[445] On taking office, the Obama administration said that all executive orders, non-emergency legislation, and proclamations would be posted to the official White House website, whitehouse.gov, allowing the public to review and comment for five days before the President signs the legislation,[446] but this pledge was twice broken during Obama's first month in office.[447][448] On January 21, 2009, by executive order, Obama revoked Executive Order 13233, which had limited access to the records of former United States presidents.[449] Obama issued instructions to all agencies and departments in his administration to "adopt a presumption in favor" of Freedom of Information Act requests.[450] These actions helped the rate of classification fall to record lows during the Obama administration.[445] In April 2009, the United States Department of Justice released four legal memos from the Bush administration describing in detail controversial interrogation methods the CIA had used on prisoners suspected of terrorism.[451][452] The Obama administration also introduced the Open Government Directive, which encouraged government agencies to publish data and collaborate with the public, and the Open Government Partnership, which advocated open government norms.[445] However, Obama continued to make use of secret memos and the state secrets privilege, and he continued to prosecute whistleblowers.[445]
The Obama administration was much more aggressive than the Bush and other previous administrations in their response to
Elections during the Obama presidency
Congress | Senate | House |
---|---|---|
111th[b] | 59[h] | 257 |
112th | 53 | 193 |
113th | 55 | 201 |
114th | 46 | 188 |
115th[b] | 48 | 194 |
2010 mid-term elections
Attacking Obama relentlessly, emphasizing the stalled economy, and enjoying the anger of the
Obama called the elections "humbling" and a "shellacking", arguing that the defeat came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[466] The newly empowered House Republicans quickly confronted Obama on issues such as Obamacare and the debt ceiling.[148] The Republican victory in the election also gave Republicans the upper hand in the redistricting that occurred after the 2010 United States census.[467]
2012 re-election campaign
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced that he would seek
2014 mid-term elections
Senate leaders | House leaders | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congress | Year | Majority | Minority | Speaker | Minority |
111th | 2009–2010 | Reid | McConnell | Pelosi | Boehner |
112th | 2011–2012 | Reid | McConnell | Boehner | Pelosi |
113th | 2013–2014 | Reid | McConnell | Boehner | Pelosi |
114th | 2015 | McConnell | Reid | Boehner | Pelosi |
2015–2016 | McConnell | Reid | Ryan[i] | Pelosi | |
115th[b] | 2017 | McConnell | Schumer | Ryan | Pelosi |
Obama's second mid-term election turned into another
2016 elections and transition period
The 2016 elections took place on November 8. Obama was term-limited in 2016 due to the 22nd Amendment, though Obama's approval ratings may have impacted his party's ability to win the race.[474] In June 2016, with the Democratic primaries nearly complete, Obama endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as his successor.[475] However, according to Glenn Thrush of Politico, Obama had long supported Clinton as his preferred successor, and Obama dissuaded Vice President Biden from running against Clinton.[476] Obama spoke in favor of Clinton at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, and he continued to campaign for Clinton and other Democrats in the months leading up to Election Day.[477] However, in the general election, Clinton was defeated by Republican nominee Donald Trump, who prominently questioned Obama's place of birth during Obama's first term.[478] Republicans also retained control of the House and Senate. During the eight years of Obama's presidency, the Democratic Party experienced a net loss of 1,041 governorships and state and federal legislative seats.[479] Ronald Brownstein of The Atlantic noted that these losses were similar to those of other post-World War II two-term presidents.[480][481]
Trump and Obama frequently communicated during the transition period, and Trump stated that he sought Obama's advice regarding presidential appointments.[482] However, President-elect Trump also criticized some of Obama's actions, including Obama's refusal to veto a UN Resolution condemning Israel settlements.[483] In his farewell address, Obama expressed concerns about a divisive political environment, economic inequality, and racism, but remained optimistic about the future.[484][485]
Approval ratings and other opinions
Date | Approve | Disapprove |
---|---|---|
Jan 2009 | 67 | 13 |
July 2009 | 58 | 34 |
Jan 2010 | 51 | 43 |
July 2010 | 46 | 47 |
Jan 2011 | 48 | 45 |
July 2011 | 46 | 45 |
Jan 2012 | 46 | 47 |
July 2012 | 45 | 46 |
Jan 2013 | 53 | 40 |
July 2013 | 46 | 46 |
Jan 2014 | 41 | 53 |
July 2014 | 42 | 53 |
Jan 2015 | 46 | 48 |
July 2015 | 46 | 49 |
Jan 2016 | 47 | 49 |
Jul 2016 | 51 | 45 |
Jan 2017 | 55 | 42 |
After his transition period, Obama entered office with an approval rating of 82% according to
Obama's election also provoked a reaction to his race, birthplace, and religion. As president, Obama faced numerous taunts and racial innuendos, though most overt racist comments were limited to a small fringe.[489] Donald Trump theorized that Obama had been born in Kenya; an April 2011 CNN poll taken shortly before Obama released his long-form birth certificate found that 40% of Republicans believed that Obama had been born in Kenya.[478] Many of these "birthers" argued that because Obama was (allegedly) not a citizen, he was not eligible to serve as president under the natural-born-citizen requirements of the Constitution. Despite Obama's release of his long-form birth certificate, which affirmed that Obama was born in Hawaii, a 2015 CNN poll found that 20% of Americans believed that Obama was born outside of the country.[490] Many also claimed that Obama practiced Islam, and a 2015 CNN poll found that 29% of Americans and 43% of Republicans believed Obama to be a Muslim.[490] Even prior to his election as president, Obama had clarified that he was a long-time member of a church affiliated with the United Church of Christ, a mainline Protestant denomination.[491]
In a January 2010 survey by the
As Obama left office, historians expressed various opinions about his effectiveness as president, with many noting that subsequent events would determine his ultimate legacy.[501][502] There was universal agreement that Obama would long be remembered as the first African-American president.[501][502][503] Many noted that Obama presided over an economic recovery and passed major domestic legislation, but failed to bridge a partisan divide and left office with his party in a weakened state.[501]
Cultural influence
Vox and Rolling Stone both named the American sitcom Parks and Recreation as the television show that "defined" the cultural zeitgeist of the Presidency of Barack Obama.[504] In the same article, Rolling Stone named Breaking Bad, Veep and Empire as other television shows that defined the era.[505]
See also
- Speeches of Barack Obama
- List of people pardoned by Barack Obama
- Federal political scandals, Barack Obama administration
- Barack Obama
- Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Notes
- ^ Obama is mixed race; his mother Ann Dunham was white, though Obama considers himself African-American[1]
- ^ a b c d e 17 days of the 111th Congress (January 3, 2009 – January 19, 2009) took place under President Bush, and 17 days of the 115th Congress (January 3, 2017 – January 19, 2017) took place during Obama's second term.
- ^ The income, outlay, and deficit numbers reflect fiscal years which last from October to September; for example, the 2014 fiscal year lasted from October 2013 to September 2014.
- ^ Numbers reflect post-OBRA 93 tax brackets.
- ^ Numbers reflect post-Bush tax cuts tax brackets.
- ^ Numbers reflect post-American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 tax brackets.
- ^ Democratic seats at the start of each session of Congress. Independents caucusing with the Democratic Party (Senators Bernie Sanders, Joe Lieberman, and Angus King) are counted as Democrats for the purposes of this table. Throughout Obama's presidency, there were a total of 100 Senate seats in 435 House seats, so a Democratic majority in the Senate required 50 seats (since Democratic vice president Joe Biden could provide the tie-breaking vote), and a Democratic majority in the House required 218 seats (assuming no vacancies).
- January 2010 special electionin Massachusetts.
- electedto replace Boehner as Speaker of the House on October 29, 2015.
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Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-4391-0119-3.
- Baker, Peter (2017). Obama: The Call of History. New York Times/Callaway. ISBN 978-0-935112-90-0.
- Bald, Dan, ed. Collision 2012: Obama vs. Romney and the future of elections in America (2012) excerpt
- Cobb, Jelani. The substance of hope: Barack Obama and the paradox of progress (Bloomsbury, 2020).
- Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: Volume 13: 2009–2012 (CQ Press, 2013) online, 1075 pp of highly detailed coverage of all major themes
- Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: Volume 14: 2012–2016 (CQ Press, 2017)
- Conley, Richard S., and Kevin Baron. "Obama's 'Hidden-Hand' Presidency: Myth, Metaphor, or Misrepresentation?." White House Studies 13 (2015): 129–57.
- Crotty, William, ed. (2012). The Obama Presidency: Promise and Performance. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7234-6.
- Dowdle, Andrew; Van Raemdonck, Dirk C.; Maranto, Robert (2011). The Obama Presidency: Change and Continuity. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-88770-0.
- Esposito, Luigi; Finley, Laura L. (2012). Grading the 44th President: A Report Card on Barack Obama's First Term as a Progressive Leader. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-313-39843-8.
- Gaman-Golutvina, Oxana. "Political elites in the USA under George W. Bush and Barack Obama: Structure and international politics." Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 43.4 (2018): 141–163. online
- Gillespie, Andra. Race and the Obama Administration: Substance, symbols, and hope (Manchester University Press, 2019)
- Goolsbee, Austan D., and Alan B. Krueger. "A retrospective look at rescuing and restructuring General Motors and Chrysler." Journal of Economic Perspectives 29.2 (2015): 3–24. online
- Grunwald, Michael. The new New Deal: the hidden story of change in the Obama era (2012), by TIME magazine editor. excerpt
- Holzer, Harold. The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020) pp. 377–401. online
- Kesler, Charles R. I am the change: Barack Obama and the crisis of liberalism (2012); comparing Obama to Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson. excerpt
- Keller, Morton (2015). Obama's Time: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938337-5.
- Lansford, Tom, et al. Leadership and Legacy: The Presidency of Barack Obama (SUNY 2021), 320pp excerpt
- McElya, Micki (2011). "To "Choose Our Better History": Assessing the Obama Presidency in Real Time". American Quarterly. 63: 179–189. S2CID 145168784.
- McGuinn, Patrick. "From no child left behind to the every student succeeds act: Federalism and the education legacy of the Obama administration." Publius 46.3 (2016): 392–415. online
- Pomante II, Michael J.; Schraufnagel, Scot (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Barack Obama Administration. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1151-2.
- Rhodes, Ben (2018). The World as It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House. Random House. ISBN 978-0-525-50935-6.
- Rich, Wilbur C. Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change (2019)
- Rockman, Bert A.; Rudalevige, Andrew; Campbell, Colin (July 26, 2011). The Obama Presidency: Appraisals and Prospects. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-60871-685-2.
- Rosenberg, Jerry M. (2012). The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007–2012. Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp. ISBN 978-0-8108-8340-6.
- Rudalevige, Andrew (2012). ""A Majority is the Best Repartee": Barack Obama and Congress, 2009-2012". Social Science Quarterly. 93 (5): 1272–1294. .
- Rudalevige, Andrew (2016). "The Contemporary Presidency: The Obama Administrative Presidency: Some Late-Term Patterns". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 46 (4): 868–890. .
- Skocpol, Theda; Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2012). "Accomplished and Embattled: Understanding Obama's Presidency". Political Science Quarterly. 127: 1–24. .
- Skocpol, Theda; Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2011). "Ambitious Governance, Economic Meltdown, and Polarized Politics in Obama's First Two Years". Reaching for a New Deal. Russell Sage Foundation. JSTOR 10.7758/9781610447119.
- Tesler, Michael. Post-racial or most-racial? Race and politics in the Obama era (U of Chicago Press, 2020).
- Thurber, James A. (2011). Obama in Office. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-993-2.
- Watson, Robert P.; Covarrubias, Jack; Lansford, Tom; Brattebo, Douglas M. (July 2012). The Obama Presidency: A Preliminary Assessment. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4329-4.
- White, John Kenneth. Barack Obama's America: how new conceptions of race, family, and religion ended the Reagan era (University of Michigan Press, 2009).
- Wilson, John K. (2009). President Barack Obama: A More Perfect Union. ISBN 978-1-59451-477-7.
- Zelizer, Julian E. (2018). The Presidency of Barack Obama: A First Historical Assessment. ISBN 978-0-691-16028-3.
Foreign and military policy
- Anderson, Jeffrey J. "Rancor and resilience in the Atlantic Political Order: the Obama years." Transatlantic Relations in Times of Uncertainty (Routledge, 2020). 114–129. online
- Bentley, Michelle, and Jack Holland, eds. The Obama Doctrine: A Legacy of Continuity in US Foreign Policy? (Routledge, 2016).
- Bentley, Michelle and Jack Holland, eds. Obama's Foreign Policy: Ending the War on Terror (Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy) (2013) excerpt and text search
- Bose, Meena. "Appraising the foreign policy legacy of the Obama presidency." in Wilbur C. Rich, ed., Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 93–113.
- Ganguly, Šumit. "Obama, Trump and Indian foreign policy under Modi." International Politics 59.1 (2022): 9–23. online
- Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) excerpt pp 518–40.
- Indyk, Martin; Lieberthal, Kenneth; O'Hanlon, Michael E. (2012). Bending History: Barack Obama's Foreign Policy. ISBN 978-0-8157-2182-6.
- Kenealy, Andrew. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Military Force, 2009–2012." Presidential Studies Quarterly (2022). https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12798
- Leoni, Zeno. American Grand Strategy from Obama to Trump: Imperialism After Bush and China's Hegemonic Challenge (Springer Nature, 2021) online.
- Maass, Matthias. The World Views of the Obama Era (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
- Mastanduno, Michael. "A grand strategic transition?: Obama, Trump and the Asia Pacific political economy." The United States in the Indo-Pacific (Manchester University Press, 2020). 177–192. online
- O'Connor, Brendon, and Danny Cooper. "Ideology and the Foreign Policy of Barack Obama: A Liberal‐Realist Approach to International Affairs." Presidential Studies Quarterly 51.3 (2021): 635–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12730
- Tesler, Michael. "President Obama and the Emergence of Islamophobia in Mass Partisan Preferences." Political Research Quarterly 75.2 (2022): 394–408.
- Van Quyet, Luu, and Nguyen Thi Anh Nguyet. "US-Vietnam maritime security cooperation in the South China Sea: From the Obama administration to the current Biden administration." Cogent Arts & Humanities 10.1 (2023): 2231697. online
External links
- Obama White House archives
- The Obama White House's channel on YouTube
- "Obama's People" (photography: Nadav Kander)
- "President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address". The White House.
- "Wrapping Up Open for Questions". The White House.
- "President Obama's State of the Union Address" C-SPAN.
- Statistics comparing the beginning and ending of the Obama presidency