Occultism in Nazism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The association of

occultism
occurs in a wide range of theories, speculation, and research into the origins of Nazism and into Nazism's possible relationship with various occult traditions.

SS
. It held esoteric and occult connotations, representing a mystical source of energy or power.

Such ideas have flourished as a part of

mythology of Nazi occultism that exists in many books which "have represented the Nazi phenomenon as the product of arcane and demonic influence".[1]
He evaluated most of the 1960 to 1975 books on Nazi occultism as "sensational and under-researched".[2]

Ariosophy

Main article: Ariosophy

Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's 1985 book, The Occult Roots of Nazism, discusses the possibility of links between the ideas of the occult and those of Nazism. The book's main subject is the racist-occult movement of Ariosophy, a major strand of nationalist esotericism in Germany and Austria during the 19th and early 20th centuries. He introduces his work as "an underground history, concerned with the myths, symbols, and fantasies that bear on the development of reactionary, authoritarian, and Nazi styles of thinking," arguing that "fantasies can achieve a causal status once they have been institutionalized in beliefs, values, and social groups."[3]

In Goodrick-Clarke's view, the Ariosophist movement built on the earlier ideas of the

industrialization and urbanization, but it associated the problems of modernism specifically with the supposed misdeeds of Freemasonry, Kabbalah, and Rosicrucianism in order to "prove the modern world was based on false and evil principles". The Ariosophist "ideas and symbols filtered through to several anti-semitic and Nationalist groups in late Wilhelmian Germany, from which the early Nazi Party emerged in Munich after the First World War." He demonstrated links between two Ariosophists and Heinrich Himmler.[3][full citation needed
]

Modern mythology

There is a persistent idea, widely canvassed in a sensational genre of literature, that the Nazis were principally inspired and directed by occult agencies from 1920 to 1945.[4]

Appendix E of Goodrick-Clarke's book is entitled The Modern Mythology of Nazi Occultism. In it, he gives a highly critical view of much of the popular literature on the topic. In his words, these books describe Hitler and the Nazis as being controlled by a "hidden power … characterized either as a discarnate entity (e.g., 'black forces', 'invisible hierarchies', 'unknown superiors') or as a magical elite in a remote age or distant location".[5] He referred to the writers of this genre as "crypto-historians".[5] The works of the genre, he wrote,

were typically sensational and under-researched. Complete ignorance of the primary sources was common to most authors and inaccuracies and wild claims were repeated by each newcomer to the genre until abundant literature existed, based on wholly spurious 'facts' concerning the powerful Thule Society, the Nazi links with the East, and Hitler's occult initiation.[6]

In a new preface for the 2004 edition of The Occult Roots of Nazism, Goodrick-Clarke comments that in 1985, when his book first appeared, "Nazi black magic" was regarded as a topic for sensational authors in pursuit of strong sales."[7]

In his 2002 work

Adolf Hitler's religious beliefs.[10]

According to Goodricke-Clarke, the speculation of Nazi occultism originated from "post-war fascination with Nazism".[4] The "horrid fascination" of Nazism upon the Western mind[11] emerges from the "uncanny interlude in modern history" that it presents to an observer a few decades later.[4] The idolization of Hitler in Nazi Germany, its short-lived dominion on the European continent and Nazism's extreme antisemitism set it apart from other periods of modern history.[11] "Outside a purely secular frame of reference, Nazism was felt to be the embodiment of evil in a modern twentieth-century regime, a monstrous pagan relapse in the Christian community of Europe."[11]

By the early 1960s, "one could now clearly detect a mystique of Nazism."[11] A sensationalistic and fanciful presentation of its figures and symbols, "shorn of all political and historical context", gained ground with thrillers, non-fiction books, and films and permeated "the milieu of popular culture."[11]

Historiography concerning The Occult Roots of Nazism

The Occult Roots of Nazism is commended for specifically addressing the fanciful modern depictions of Nazi occultism, as well as carefully reflecting critical scholarly work that finds associations between Ariosophy and Nazi agency. As scholar Anna Bramwell writes, "One should not be deceived by the title into thinking that it belongs to the 'modern mythology of Nazi occultism', a world of salacious fantasy convincingly dismembered by the author in an Appendix," [12] referring to the various written, depicted, and produced material that delves into Nazi occultism without providing any reliable or relevant evidence. Instead, it is through Goodrick-Clarke's work that several scholarly criticisms addressing occult relevance in conjunction with Ariosophist practices arise.

Historians like Martyn Housden and Jeremy Noakes commend Goodrick-Clarke for addressing the relationship between Ariosophic ideologies rooted in certain Germanic cultures and the actual agency of Nazi hierarchy; the problem, as Housden remarks, lies in the efficacy of these Ariosophic practices. As he remarks, "The true value of this study, therefore, lies in its painstaking elucidation of an intrinsically fascinating subculture which helped colour rather than cause aspects of Nazism. In this context, it also leaves us pondering a central issue: why on earth were Austrian and German occultists, just like the Nazi leadership, quite so susceptible to, indeed obsessed by, specifically aggressive racist beliefs anyway?"[13] Noakes continues this general thought by concluding, "[Goodrick-Clarke] provides not only a definitive account of the influence of Ariosophy on Nazism, a subject which is prone to sensationalism, but also fascinating insights into the intellectual climate of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century."[14] These reviews reflect the greatest dilemmas in Nazi occultist scholarship; the discernment between actual efficacy of possible occult practices by Nazi leaders, purpose of these practices, and modern notions and applications of occultism today largely impact the appropriate scholarship in general in making connections between plausible Nazi Ariosophic practices and blatant popular myth.[12]

The linkages Goodrick-Clarke makes concerning Ariosophy and German society are further detailed in Peter Merkl's Political Violence under the Swastika, in which "pre-1933 Nazis", various

Voelkisch (traditional, antisemitic) beliefs. To further prove the point, Merkl discovered that of those willing to submit their testimonies, "Protestants tended to be German Romantics, Catholics to be anti-Semites, superpatriots, and solidarists. Areas of religious homogeneity were particularly high in anti-Semitism or in the Nordic-German cult,"[16]
of which members of both religious groups were prone to "Judenkoller", an alleged sudden and violent sickness that would manifest either in blatant hatred or hysteria at being within proximity of Jews. Coincidentally, Merkl mentions a relationship to this Nordic/German-agrarian cult in relation to the 19th century to a "crypto-Nazi tradition", despite being written ten years prior to The Occult Roots of Nazism.

Some of this modern mythology even touches Goodrick-Clarke's topic directly. The rumor that Adolf Hitler had encountered the Austrian monk and antisemitic publicist

Lanz von Liebenfels, already at the age of 8, at Heilgenkreuz abbey, goes back to Les mystiques du soleil (1971) by Michel-Jean Angbert. "This episode is wholly imaginary."[17]

Nevertheless, Michel-Jean Angbert and the other authors discussed by Goodrick-Clarke present their accounts as real, so that this modern mythology has led to several legends that resemble conspiracy theories, concerning, for example, the Vril Society or rumours about Karl Haushofer's connection to the occult. The most influential books were Trevor Ravenscroft's The Spear of Destiny and The Morning of the Magicians by Pauwels and Bergier.

Claims

One of the earliest claims of Nazi occultism can be found in Lewis Spence's book Occult Causes of the Present War (1940). According to Spence, Alfred Rosenberg and his book The Myth of the Twentieth Century were responsible for promoting pagan, occult and anti-Christian ideas that motivated the Nazi party.

Demonic possession of Hitler

For a demonic influence on Hitler, Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks is brought forward as a source.[18] However, most modern scholars do not consider Rauschning reliable.[19] (As Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke summarises, "recent scholarship has almost certainly proved that Rauschning's conversations were mostly invented".)[20]

Similarly to Rauschning, August Kubizek, one of Hitler's closest friends since childhood, claims that Hitler—17 years old at the time—once spoke to him of "returning Germany to its former glory"; of this comment August said, "It was as if another being spoke out of his body, and moved him as much as it did me."[21]

An article "Hitler's Forgotten Library" by Timothy Ryback, published in

nudism and BDSM, had been an activist for sexual liberation before 1933. He had been imprisoned in Nazi Germany for seven months and his doctoral degree was revoked. He is supposed to have sent a dedicated copy of his 1923 book Magic: History, Theory and Practice to Hitler some time in the mid-1920s. Hitler is said to have marked extensive passages, including one which reads "He who does not have the demonic seed within himself will never give birth to a magical world".[23]

Alice A. Bailey stated during World War II that Adolf Hitler was possessed by what she called the Dark Forces.[24] Her follower Benjamin Creme has stated that through Hitler (and a group of equally evil men around him in Nazi Germany, together with a group of militarists in Japan and a further group around Mussolini in Italy[25]) was released the energies of the Antichrist,[26][Note 1]
which, according to theosophical teachings is not an individual person but forces of destruction.

According to

Dietrich Eckhart (to whom Hitler dedicates Mein Kampf), wrote to a friend of his in 1923: "Follow Hitler! He will dance, but it is I who have called the tune. We have given him the 'means of communication' with Them. Do not mourn for me; I shall have influenced history more than any other German."[page needed][ISBN missing][27][page needed
]

New World Order

Conspiracy theorists "frequently identify German National Socialism among other things as a precursor of the New World Order".[28] With regard to Hitler's later ambition of imposing the Nazi regime throughout Europe, Nazi propaganda used the term Neuordnung (often poorly translated as "the New Order", while actually referring to the "re-structurization" of state borders on the European map and the resulting post-war economic hegemony of Greater Germany),[29] so one could probably say that the Nazis pursued a new world order in terms of politics. But the claim that Hitler and the Thule Society conspired to create a New World Order (a conspiracy theory, put forward on some webpages)[30] is completely unfounded.[31]

Aleister Crowley

There are also unverifiable rumours that the occultist

literary executors, published a book: The Medusa's Head or Conversations Between Aleister Crowley and Adolf Hitler, which has definitively been shown to be literary fiction.[32] That the edition of this book was limited to 350 also contributed to the mystery surrounding the topic.[32] Mention of a contact between Crowley and Hitler—without any sources or evidence—is also made in a letter from René Guénon to Julius Evola dated October 29, 1949, which later reached a broader audience.[32]

Erik Jan Hanussen

The documentary Hitler and the Occult describes how Hitler "seemed endowed with even greater authority and charisma" after he had resumed public speaking in March 1927. The narrator states that "this may have been due to the influence" of the clairvoyant performer and publicist Erik Jan Hanussen.[original research?][citation needed] "Hanussen helped Hitler perfect a series of exaggerated poses", useful for speaking before a huge audience. The documentary then interviews Dusty Sklar about the contact between Hitler and Hanussen, and the narrator makes the statement about "occult techniques of mind control and crowd domination."[original research?][citation needed]

Whether Hitler had met Hanussen at all is not certain. That he even encountered him before March 1927 is not confirmed by other sources about Hanussen. In the late 1920s to early 1930s Hanussen made political predictions in his own newspaper, Hanussens Bunte Wochenschau, that gradually started to favour Hitler, but until late 1932 these predictions varied.

Wilhelm II would return to Germany in 1930 and that the problem of unemployment would be solved in 1931.[33]

Nazi mysticism, occultism, and science fiction

Nazi mysticism in German culture is further expanded upon within Manfred Nagl's article "SF (Science Fiction), Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths", published in the journal Science Fiction Studies. In it, Nagl writes that the racial narratives described in contemporary German Science Fiction stories, like The Last Queen of Atlantis, by Edmund Kiss, provide further notions of racial superiority under the auspices of Ariosophy, Aryanism, and alleged historic racial Mysticism, suggesting that writings associated with possible Occultism, Ariosophy, or Aryanism were products intended to influence and justify in a socio-political manner, rather than simply establish cultural heritage. The stories themselves dealt with "...heroes, charismatic leader types, (who) have been chosen by fate—with the resources of a sophisticated and extremely powerful technology".[34] Nagl considers science fiction pieces like Atlantis further fueled the violent persuasiveness of Nazi leaders, such as Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler, as further justification for a "Nazi elite (envisioning) for itself in occupied East European territories".[34] This, in turn, allegedly propagated public support of Nazi ideology, summated by Nagl as "a tremendous turning back of culture, away from the age of reason and consciousness, toward the age of a 'sleepwalking certainty', the age of supra-rational magic".[35] An example of this claim was demonstrated in World War II, when the Wehrmacht occupied Houska Castle until 1945. The Nazis were said to have conducted experiments[36] into the occult.[37] According to one source, there were "multiple myths about their supposed occult involvements there".[38][39][verification needed] Another source states locals believed that the Nazis had been using the "powers of Hell" for their experiments. As of early 2020, the castle was open to the public and had been since 1999. Tourists may visit the chapel with fading frescoes and murals "including pictures of demon-like figures and animal-like beings".[39][verification needed]

Crypto-historic books

In the essay that is included in the German edition of The Occult Roots..., H. T. Hakl, an Austrian publisher of esoteric works,[40] traces the origins of the speculation about Nazism and Occultism back to several works from the early 1940s. His research was also published in a short book, Unknown sources: National Socialism and the Occult, translated by Goodrick-Clarke. Already in 1933 a pseudonymous Kurt van Emsen described Hitler as a "demonic personality", but his work was soon forgotten.[41] The first allusions that Hitler was directed by occult forces which were taken up by the later authors came from French Christian esotericist René Kopp.[42] In two articles published in the monthly esoteric journal Le Chariot from June 1934 and April 1939, he seeks to trace the source of Hitler's power to supernatural forces.[42] The second article was titled: "L'Enigme du Hitler".[42] In other French esoteric journals of the 1930s, Hakl could not find similar hints.[42] In 1939 another French author, Edouard Saby, published a book: Hitler et les Forces Occultes.[43] Saby already mentions Hanussen and Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln.[44] Hakl even hints that Edouard Saby would have the copyright on the myth of Nazi occultism.[44] However, another significant book from 1939 is better known: Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks. There it is said (in the chapter "Black and White Magic"), that "Hitler surrendered himself to forces that carried him away. … He turned himself over to a spell, which can, with good reason and not simply in a figurative analogy, be described as demonic magic." The chapter "Hitler in private" is even more dramatic, and was left out in the German edition from 1940.[45]

Goodrick-Clarke examines several pseudo-historic "books written about Nazi occultism between 1960 and 1975", that "were typically sensational and under-researched".[46] He terms this genre "crypto-history", as its defining element and "final point of explanatory reference is an agent which has remained concealed to previous historians of National Socialism".[5] Characteristic tendencies of this literature include: (1) "a complete ignorance of primary sources" and (2) the repetition of "inaccuracies and wild claims", without the attempt being made to confirm even "wholly spurious 'facts'".[47] Books debunked in Appendix E of The Occult Roots of Nazism are:

These books are only mentioned in the Appendix. Otherwise the whole book by Goodrick-Clarke does without any reference to this kind of literature; it uses other sources. This literature is not reliable; however, books published after the emergence of The Occult Roots of Nazism continue to repeat claims that have been proven false:

  • Wulf Schwarzwaller, 1988, The Unknown Hitler[51]
  • Alan Baker, 2000, Invisible Eagle. The History of Nazi Occultism[52]

Documentaries

More than 60 years after the end of the

Nuremberg Trials.[55] After the author Dusty Sklar has pointed out that Hitler's suicide happened at the night of April 30/May 1, which is Walpurgis Night, the narrator continues: "With Hitler gone, it was as if a spell had been broken." A much more plausible reason for Hitler's suicide (that does not involve the paranormal) is that the Russians had already closed to within several hundred meters of Hitler's bunker
and he did not want to be captured alive.

Nuremberg Rally
1934

From the perspective of academic history, these documentaries on Nazism, if ever commented, are seen as problematic because they do not contribute to an actual understanding of the problems that arise in the study of Nazism and Neo-Nazism. Without referring to a specific documentary Mattias Gardell, a historian who studies contemporary separatist groups, writes:

In documentaries portraying the Third Reich, Hitler is cast as a master magician; these documentaries typically include scenes in which Hitler is speaking at huge mass meetings. [...] Cuts mix Hitler screaming with regiments marching under the sign of the swastika. Instead of providing a translation of his verbal crescendos, the sequence is overlaid with a speaker talking about something different. All this combines to demonize Hitler as an evil wizard spellbinding an unwitting German people to become his zombified servants until they are liberated from the spell by the Allied victory after which, suddenly, there were no German Nazis left among the populace. How convenient it would be if this image were correct. National socialism could be defeated with garlic. Watchdog groups could be replaced with a few vampire killers, and resources being directed into anti-racist community programs could be directed at something else. [...] The truth, however, is that millions of ordinary German workers, farmers and businessmen supported the national socialist program. [...] They were people who probably considered themselves good citizens, which is far more frightening than had they merely been demons.[56]

mentalist Erik Jan Hanussen: "Occultists believe, Hanussen may also have imparted occult techniques of mind control and crowd domination on Hitler" (see below). Historians have dismissed myths such as those about Erik Jan Hanussen.[full citation needed
]

Ernst Schäfer's expedition to Tibet

At least one documentary, Hitler's Search for the Holy Grail, includes footage from the

1939 German expedition to Tibet. The documentary describes it as "the most ambitious expedition" of the SS. This original video material was made accessible again by Marco Dolcetta in his series Il Nazismo Esoterico in 1994.[57] An interview that Dolcetta conducted with Schäfer does not support the theories of Nazi occultism, neither does Reinhard Greve's 1995 article Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe (Tibet Research Within the SS Ahnenerbe),[58] although the latter does mention the occult thesis.[57] Hakl comments that Greve should have emphasized more strongly the unreliability of authors like Bergier and Pauwels or Angbert.[57] Ernst Schäfer's expedition report explicitly remarks on the "worthless goings-on" by "a whole army of quacksalvers" concerning Asia and especially Tibet.[57]

List of documentaries

German

English

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218–225.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780814730607
    . Retrieved 13 October 2022. Books written about Nazi occultism between 1960 and 1975 were typically sensational and under-researched.
  3. ^ a b The Occult Roots of Nazism, Introduction.
  4. ^ a b c Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 217.
  5. ^ a b c Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218.
  6. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225
  7. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2004: vi.
  8. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6.
  9. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107–128.
  10. ^ Rißmann 2001: 137–172.
  11. ^ a b c d e Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107.
  12. ^ a b Bramwell, Anna. 1988. "Review". The English Historical Review 103 (407). 156.
  13. ^ Housden, Martyn. 1994. "Review". History 79 (255). 179.
  14. ^ Noakes, Jeremy. 1988. "Review". History 73 (238) 364.
  15. ^ Peter H. Merkl. 1975. Political Violence Under The Swastika: 581 Early Nazis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 453.
  16. ^ Peter H. Merkl. 1975. Political Violence Under The Swastika: 581 Early Nazis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 687.
  17. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224.
  18. ^ Demonic Possession of World Leaders Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Theodor Schieder (1972), Hermann Rauschnings "Gespräche mit Hitler" als Geschichtsquelle (Oppladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag) and Wolfgang Hänel (1984), Hermann Rauschnings "Gespräche mit Hitler": Eine Geschichtsfälschung (Ingolstadt, Germany: Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle), cit. in Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2003), Black Sun, p. 321.
  20. ^ Goodrick-Clarke (2003: 110). The best that can be said for Rauschning's claims may be Goodrick-Clarke's judgment that they "record ... the authentic voice of Hitler by inspired guesswork and imagination" (ibid.).
  21. ^ "Hitler and the Holy Roman Empire". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  22. ^ Ryback, Timothy W. "Hitler's Forgotten Library". The Atlantic, May 2003. Accessed 27 June 2009.
  23. ^ Kelley, JH. "New Translation of German Book Links Hitler to Satanism" (press release). PRLog, May 17, 2009. Accessed 28 June 2009.
  24. ^ Bailey, Alice A. The Externalisation of the Hierarchy New York: 1957 (Compilation of earlier revelations by Alice A. Bailey) Lucis Publishing Co. p. 425
  25. ^ Bailey, Alice A. The Externalisation of the Hierarchy New York: 1957 (Compilation of earlier revelations by Alice A. Bailey) Lucis Publishing Co. p. 258
  26. ^ Creme, Benjamin Maitreya's Mission – Volume III Amsterdam:1997 Share International Foundation p. 416
  27. ^ Kurlander, Eric. Hitler's Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich. Yale University Press. 2017. Retrieved on 26 Dec. 2022
  28. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 288.
  29. ^ Safire, William. "On Language; The New, New World Order". The New York Times, February 17, 1991. Accessed 27 June 2009.
  30. ^ "Historic Results of Hitler's Thule Societies pursuit of the NWO". Archived from the original on February 7, 2007.
  31. Bundesarchiv
    , Koblenz, NS26/865.
  32. ^ a b c d Hakl 1997: 205.
  33. ^ a b Frei 1980: 85.
  34. ^ a b Nagl, Manfred. "SF, Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths". Science Fiction Studies. 1 (3): 190.
  35. ^ Nagl, Manfred. "SF, Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths". Science Fiction Studies 1 (3): 188.
  36. ^ www.praguevisitor.eu. Gateway to Hell - Houska Castle. Retrieved on 11 Oct. 2023
  37. ^ Curran, Bob. The Scariest Places in the World. page 86. Retrieved on 11 Oct. 2023
  38. ^ |Houska Castle Blatce, Czechia |Folklore says this medieval fortress was plopped atop a portal to hell to trap the demons below |29 January 2018
  39. ^ a b Schimanski, Annette (April 24, 2020). "In dieser Burg wird der Eingang zur Unterwelt vermutet" (in German).
  40. ^ Entry for Hans Thomas Hakl from the German National Library.
  41. ^ Hakl 1997: 209.
  42. ^ a b c d Hakl 1997: 210.
  43. ^ Hakl 1997: 212.
  44. ^ a b Hakl 1997: 214.
  45. ^ Hakl 1997: 211.
  46. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225.
  47. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 225.
  48. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 219–220.
  49. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221.
  50. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221–223.
  51. G. I. Gurdjieff
    .
  52. ^ Chapter 5 of the Free online version Archived 2007-07-15 at the Wayback Machine of Invisible Eagle is mainly based on Ravenscroft.
  53. ^ The History Channel online Store: The Unknown Hitler DVD Collection Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ Another critique of Hitler documentaries: Mark Schone – All Hitler, all the time Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ "Even with all I know, if in this cell Hitler should come to me and say 'Do this!', I would still do it." – Joachim von Ribbentrop, 1946
  56. ^ Gardell 2003, 331, 332
  57. ^ a b c d Hakl 1997: 204
  58. ^ Reinhard Greve: Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe; in: Thomas Hauschild: Lebenslust durch Fremdenfurcht, Frankfurt (Main), 1995, pp. 168–209.
  59. ^ Hitler and the Occult DVD Archived 2007-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ASIN 6305202885
    .
  61. ^ "Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: Decision at Dunkirk/Stalin's Secret Armies DVD".[dead link]
  62. ASIN 6305202958
    .
  63. ^ Robin Cross, "The Nazi Expedition"
  64. ^ "Decoding the Past: Nazi Prophecies". Archived from the original on November 2, 2007.
  65. ^ Decoding The Past: Nazi Prophecies DVD Archived 2007-11-02 at the Wayback Machine

Other references

  • Bruno Frei. 1980. Der Hellseher: Leben und Sterben des Erik Jan Hanussen. Antonia Gruneberg, ed. Cologne: Prometh (in German).
  • ISBN 978-0822330714
    .

Further reading

External links

Explanatory notes

  1. Rittmeister Gerhard Boldt, who was in the bunker with Hitler. The Bible says that the Antichrist will persecute Jews and Christians to an extent never before witnessed."[1]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occultism_in_Nazism&oldid=1219545153"