Octavia the Younger

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Octavia Minor
Bornc. 69 BC
Nola, Italy, Roman Republic
Died11 BC (aged c. 58)
Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
Burial
Mausoleum of Augustus
Spouse
Issue
Gaius Octavius
MotherAtia

Octavia the Younger (

Latin: Octavia Minor ; 69 BC – 11 BC) was the elder sister of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the half-sister of Octavia the Elder, and the fourth wife of Mark Antony. She was also the great-grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, maternal grandmother of the Emperor Claudius, and paternal great-grandmother and maternal great-great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero
.

One of the most prominent women in Roman history, Octavia was respected and admired by contemporaries for her loyalty, nobility and humanity, as well as for maintaining traditional Roman feminine virtues.

Life

Childhood

Octavia was born around 69 BC.

Gaius Octavius' second marriage to Atia, niece of Julius Caesar.[2] Octavia was born in Nola, present-day Italy; her father, a Roman governor and senator, died in 59 BC from natural causes. Her mother later remarried, to the consul Lucius Marcius Philippus. Octavia spent much of her childhood travelling with her parents. Marcius was in charge of educating Octavia and her brother Octavian, later known as Augustus.[3]

First marriage

Some time before 54 BC, her stepfather arranged for her to marry

Julia (Caesar's daughter, and thus Octavia's cousin once removed). The couple did not want to get a divorce, so instead[3] Pompey declined the proposal[4] and married Cornelia Metella. Thus, Octavia's husband continued to oppose Julius Caesar, including in the crucial year of his consulship, 50 BC. Civil war broke out when Caesar invaded Italy from Gaul in 49 BC.[3]

Marcellus, a friend of

Marcus Claudius Marcellus.[6] All three were born in Italy. However, according to the anonymous Περὶ τοῦ καισαρείου γένους Octavia bore Marcellus four sons and four daughters.[7][8]
Her husband Marcellus died in May 40 BC.

Second marriage

Mark Antony and Octavia

By a Senatorial decree, Octavia married Mark Antony in October 40 BC, as his fourth wife (his third wife Fulvia having died shortly before). This marriage had to be approved by the Senate, as she was pregnant with her first husband's child, and was a politically motivated attempt to cement the uneasy alliance between her brother Octavian and Mark Antony; however, Octavia does appear to have been a loyal and faithful wife to Antony.[9] Between 40 and 36 BC, she travelled with Antony to various provinces and lived with him in his Athenian mansion.[10] There she raised her children by Marcellus as well as Antony's two sons; Antyllus and Iullus, as well as the two daughters of her marriage to Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor who were born there. During this period, she became the first (or second) Roman woman to have coins minted bearing her image; only Antony's previous wife Fulvia may have pre-empted her.[11][12]

Breakdown

The alliance was severely tested by Antony's abandonment of Octavia and their children in favor of his former lover Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt (Antony and Cleopatra had met in 41 BC, an interaction that resulted in Cleopatra bearing twins, Alexander Helios, a boy, and Cleopatra Selene, a girl). After 36 BC, Octavia returned to Rome with the daughters of her second marriage. On several occasions she acted as a political advisor and negotiator between her husband and brother.[13] For example, in the spring of 37 BC, while pregnant with her daughter Antonia Minor, she was considered essential to an arms deal held at Tarentum, in which Antony and Augustus agreed to aid each other in their Parthian and Sicilian campaigns. She had won over her brother's advisers Agrippa and Maecenas and convinced him to renew their alliance.[14] She was hailed as a "marvel of womankind".[15] In 35 BC, after Antony suffered a disastrous campaign in Parthia, she brought fresh troops, provisions, and funds to Athens. There Antony had left a letter for her, instructing her to go no further.[16] Mark Antony divorced Octavia in late 33 BC.[17] In 33, Antony sent men to eject her from his house in Rome. She became sole caretaker of their children,[18] except for Antyllus who was already with his father in the East. After Antony's suicide in 30 BC, her brother executed Antyllus but allowed Octavia to raise Antony's younger son Iullus by Fulvia as well as his children by Cleopatra (the two sons Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus, and one daughter, Cleopatra Selene II).

Later life

Virgil reading Aeneid, Book VI, to Augustus and Octavia, by Taillasson

In 35 BC, Augustus accorded a number of honours and privileges to Octavia, and also to his wife, Livia – previously unheard of for women in Rome. They were granted sacrosanctitas, meaning it was illegal to verbally insult them. Previously, this had only been granted to tribunes. Livia and Octavia were made immune from tutela, the male guardianship which all women in Rome except for the Vestal Virgins were required to have. This meant they could freely manage their own finances. Finally, they were the first women in Rome to have statues and portraits displayed en masse in public places. Previously, only one woman, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, had been part of the public statues displayed in Rome. In Augustus' rebuilding of Rome as a city of marble, Octavia was featured. In all her representations, she wore the "nodus" hairstyle, which at the time was considered conservative and dignified, and worn by women from many classes.[19]

Augustus adored, but never adopted, her son

Marcellus
. When Marcellus died of illness in 23 BC unexpectedly, Augustus was thunderstruck and Octavia disconsolate almost beyond recovery.

Aelius Donatus, in his Life of Vergil, states that Virgil

recited three whole books [of his

sesterces for each of the verses."[20]

She may have never fully recovered from the death of her son, and retired from public life,

De Consolatione ad Marciam, II.) but Seneca may wish to show off his rhetorical skill with hyperbole, rather than adhere to fact.[citation needed] Some[who?] dispute Seneca's version, as Octavia publicly opened the Library of Marcellus, dedicated in his memory, while her brother completed the building of Marcellus's theatre in his honor. Undoubtedly[citation needed] Octavia attended both ceremonies, as well as the Ara Pacis ceremony to welcome her brother's return in 13BC from the provinces. She was also consulted in regard to, and in some versions advised, that Augustus's daughter Julia marry Agrippa after her mourning for Marcellus ended. Agrippa had to divorce Octavia's daughter Claudia Marcella Major
in order to marry Julia, so Augustus wanted Octavia's endorsement very much.

Death

Today's appearance of the Porticus Octaviae.

Octavia died of natural causes. Suetonius says she died in Augustus' 54th year, thus 11 BC with Roman inclusive counting.[22] Her funeral was a public one, with her sons-in-law (Drusus, Ahenobarbus, Iullus Antonius, and possibly Paullus Aemillius Lepidus) carrying her to the grave in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Drusus delivered one funeral oration from the rostra and Augustus gave her the highest posthumous honors (building the Gate of Octavia and Porticus Octaviae in her memory).[23] Augustus also had the Roman senate declare his sister to be a goddess.[24] Augustus declined some other honors decreed to her by the senate, for reasons unknown.[23]

Issue

Children with Marcellus

Octavia and her first husband had one son and two daughters who survived to adulthood.

  1. Marcus Claudius Marcellus
  2. Claudia Marcella Major
  3. Claudia Marcella Minor
Children with Mark Antony

Octavia and Mark Antony had two surviving daughters by their marriage (her second, his fourth), and both were the ancestors of later Roman emperors.

  1. Antonia Major: grandmother to Emperor Nero.
  2. Antonia Minor: mother to Emperor Claudius, grandmother to Emperor Caligula, and great-grandmother to Emperor Nero.

Descendants

Three Roman emperors, Caligula, Claudius and Nero, were amongst the most famous of her descendants.

Cultural depictions

A famous anecdote, recorded in the late fourth-century

Angelica Kaufmann
, have also been inspired to depict this scene.

In Rojas Zorilla's 17th century Spanish play, Cleopatra's Asps (Los Aspides de Cleopatra in Spanish) , wherein she is given the name Irene, Octavia is depicted as the slighted and vengeful wife of Marc Antony. In William Shakespeare's play, Antony and Cleopatra, Octavia is described as a homely and frumpish woman.

Octavia's later life, around the time of the death of Marcellus, is depicted in the 1976 television adaptation of Robert Graves's novel I, Claudius. The role was played by Angela Morant, and should not be confused with her great-granddaughter Claudia Octavia (also referred to as "Octavia" in the series), Claudius's daughter and wife of the future emperor Nero, who was played by Cheryl Johnson.

In the 1963 film Cleopatra, she is played by Jean Marsh in an uncredited role.[30]

A highly fictionalized version of Octavia's early life is depicted in the 2005 television series

Marcus Agrippa (based on the historical Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
), none of which has any historical basis.

In the TV series

Domina (2021), Octavia was played by Alexandra Moloney and Claire Forlani.[31]

Notes

  1. ^ Their names are unknown, but it is known that all of them were killed by Nero, thus descent from this line is extinct.

References

  1. ^ "Octavia | Roman, Queen, Cleopatra | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-03-15.
  2. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 4.1
  3. ^ a b c "Octavia Minor - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  4. ^ Suetonius, Caesar 27.1
  5. ^ Moore 2017, p. 28.
  6. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 63.1; Plutarch, Antony 87
  7. ^ Spyridon Lambros, Ἀνέκδοτον ἀπόσπασμα συγγραΦῆς περὶ τοῦ Καισαρείου γένους, Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων 1 (1904), p. 148
  8. S2CID 170989205
    – via Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ Plutarch, Antony 31; Appian, Civil Wars 5.64 and 5.66; Cassius Dio, Roman History 48.31.3
  10. ^ Plutarch, Antony 33; Appian, Civil Wars 5.76
  11. ^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2020). "Review of Tracene Harvey, Julia Augusta: images of Rome's first empress on the coins of the Roman Empire. London; New York: Routledge, 2019. 264 p.. ISBN 9781472478689. $112.00.". Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
  12. ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2014) Augustus, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 156: "Octavia appeared alongside her husband on coins - the first woman to appear on Roman currency".
  13. ^ So at the treaty of Taranto in 37 BC: Plutarch, Antony 35; Appian, Civil Wars 5.93-95; Cassius Dio, Roman History 48.54
  14. ISBN 9781134323449
    .
  15. ^ Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The First Ladies of Rome: The Women behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape.
  16. ^ Plutarch, Antony 53; Cassius Dio, Roman History 49.33.3-4. See also a modern source,Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The First Ladies of Rome: The Women behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 30–37.
  17. ^ Plutarch, Antony 57.4-5; Cassius Dio, Roman History 50.3.2
  18. ^ Plutarch, Antony 87; Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.15.5
  19. ^ Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The First Ladies of Rome: The Women behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 38.
  20. ^ "Aelius Donatus, "Life of Virgil"". virgil.org.
  21. ^ "Octavia". Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  22. ^ Suet. Div. Aug. 61. A Roman child is 1 year old until its 365th day, when it becomes 2. Thus Augustus' 54th year = 10 BC, since he was born in 63. Note that Dio 54.35.4-5 is not datable.
  23. ^ a b Dio 54.35.5
  24. ^ "Octavia". virtualreligion.net. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  25. ^ a b c Syme, Ronald. The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 242
  26. ^ Mennen, Inge. Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (2011), pg. 123-124-125-127.
  27. ^ Settipani, Christian. Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale (2000), pgs. 227-228-229.
  28. ^ Potter, David S., The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180-395 (2004), pg. 389
  29. ^ Schlitz, Carl. "St. Melania (the Younger)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 Mar. 2013
  30. ^ "Cleopatra (1963)". BFI. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
  31. ^ "Domina, il cast: Claire Forlani e Alexandra Moloney presentano Ottavia. VIDEO". sky.it (in Italian). 6 May 2021.
Sources

Further reading

Life and virtues
  • Details on Octavia pt 1[usurped] "Octavian was much attached to his sister, and she possessed all the charms, accomplishments and virtues likely to fascinate the affections and secure a lasting influence over the mind of a husband. Her beauty was universally allowed to be superior to that of Cleopatra and her virtue was such as to excite even admiration in an age of growing licentiousness and corruption."
  • Details on Octavia pt 2[usurped]
  • Nuttall Encyclopedia profile says merely that she was "distinguished for her beauty and her virtue"
Discussion
Family and descendants
Print sources
  • Cluett, Ronald. "Roman women and triumviral politics, 43-37 B.C." Echos du monde classique. Classical views 17, no. 1 (1998), 67–84.
  • Erhart, K. P. "A new portrait type of Octavia Minor (?)." The J. Paul Getty Museum journal 8 (1980), 117–28.
  • Fischer. Fulvia und Octavia: die beiden Ehefrauen des Marcus Antonius in den politischen Kämpfen der Umbruchszeit zwischen Republik und Principat. Berlin: Logos-Verl., 1999.
  • Foubert, Lien. "Vesta and Julio-Claudian women in imperial propaganda." Ancient society 45 (2015), 187–204.
  • Freisenbruch, Annelise. 2010. The First ladies of Rome: the women behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Octavia".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Octavia Minor.
Library resources about
Octavia the Younger
  • Octavia entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
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