October 1913

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October 17, 1913: 28 people killed in deadliest air crash up to that time
October 7, 1913: Ford Motor Company inaugurates its first moving assembly line
October 16, 1913: Royal Navy launches its first oil-powered warship, HMS Queen Elizabeth
October 14, 1913: 439 coal miners killed in Wales, rescuers unable to find survivors inside

The following events occurred in October 1913:

Wednesday, October 1, 1913

Thursday, October 2, 1913

  • China's National Assembly passed a law limiting the President of China to a five-year term of office, with only one re-election.[10]
  • Flooding in Southern Texas caused $50,000,000 of property damage, though only 12 lives were lost.[11]
  • The Mexican city of Torreón fell to rebel invaders, led by Pancho Villa, a day after Mexican federal troops evacuated the area.[12]
  • Scottish murderer Patrick Higgins was hanged after being convicted of the November 1911 murder of his two sons, based on forensic evidence developed by Sydney Smith. Higgins, a habitual drinker, had admitted to the killings but had raised the defense of "insanity caused by epilepsy". This was disproved by analysis and testimony from Smith.[13]
  • Well-known American author Ambrose Bierce decided, at the age of 71, that he wanted to conclude his life by leaving his Washington, D.C., home to participate in the Mexican Revolution, departing by train after writing to his niece that "being stood up against a Mexican stone wall and shot to rags... beats old age, disease, or falling down the cellar stairs". After reaching Mexico and sending a letter from Chihuahua City on December 26, Bierce vanished "without a trace".[14]
  • The State Bank of Mysore was established in Bangalore, India.[15]
  • Born: Roma Mitchell, Australian politician, first woman to serve as a Governor of an Australian state, Governor of South Australia, 1991-1996; in Adelaide (d. 2000)

Friday, October 3, 1913

Saturday, October 4, 1913

Annie Oakley in later years
  • Oregon, though it was the second of American state to pass an authorization for a minimum wage law (after Massachusetts), became the first state to have orders implementing a wage, beginning with a regulation for girls between the ages of 16 and 18 who had worked at least one year and who were working the maximum 54 hours per week; the $8.25 for the 54 hour week was equivalent to slightly more than 15 cents per hour.[22] Later rules would extend coverage to experienced adult women in Portland (November 23) and to all women, regardless of experience (February 7);[23][24]
  • The new site of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened to the public in Sarajevo.[25]
  • At Marion, Illinois, legendary sharpshooter Annie Oakley gave the last public performance of her shooting skills. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, where Oakley had been a major star, had gone bankrupt earlier in the year.[26]
  • Survivalist Joseph Knowles, who had gone into the forests of Maine on August 4 without clothing, food or tools, emerged after completing his two-month experiment. Not only had he survived, but he had fashioned "a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows" from the materials in the wilderness.[27]
  • Mexican rebel leader Emiliano Zapata issued a widely circulated order to his troops, commanding them that "under no pretext nor for any personal cause should crimes be committed against lives and properties". Officers were directed to punish any soldiers who violated the order, or to face court-martial themselves.[28]
  • Born: Martial Célestin, first Prime Minister of Haiti (in 1988); in Ganthier (d. 2011)
  • Died: Faisal bin Turki, 49, Sultan of Muscat and Oman within the Ottoman Empire since 1888 [29] (b. 1864)

Sunday, October 5, 1913

Monday, October 6, 1913

President Yuan receiving dignitaries
  • Barely receiving the two-thirds majority required, Yuan Shikai was formally elected by the National Assembly after three rounds of voting, to a five-year term as the President of China. A total of 759 of the 850 Chinese Senators and Representatives participated in Beijing. With a candidate needing 506 votes, Yuan received 507 on the third ballot. Li Yuan-Heng, who had already said that he would not be a candidate for the office, received 179 votes, while the other legislators abstained. The votes for Yan and Li were 471–153 on the first round, and 497–162 on the second.[36] After the second round, a mob of Yuan's supporters surrounded the legislative building and blocked the exits.[37] Li was elected vice-president the next day.[38] President Yuan would dissolve the legislature four weeks later and assume dictatorial powers, then proclaim himself the Emperor.[39]
  • Chicago became the first major American city to pass a resolution declaring the immorality of the tango, a dance which had recently become popular in the United States after originating in Argentina. The tango differed from acceptable dances because of the contact between the upper thighs of the dancers.[40]
  • At his inauguration as the new American Governor-General of the Philippines, Francis Burton Harrison delivered a promise, from U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, that Filipinos would be granted a majority of the seats on the Philippine Commission, the appointed group that had to approve bills passed by the Philippine legislature.[41]
  • Heavy rains killed more than 600 people in the Bosphorous straits around Istanbul.[42]
  • Born:

Tuesday, October 7, 1913

Wednesday, October 8, 1913

Australian championship winner Port Adelaide

Thursday, October 9, 1913

  • The passenger ship SS Volturno, operated by the Uranium Line, caught fire while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Although 125 passengers and crew died while trying to evacuate, the other 532 people were rescued by ten other steamers that traveled to the rescue after hearing the S.O.S. signal by wireless telegraph,[52][53] Popular Mechanics magazine would observe in its next issue that "The day of the 'mystery of the sea,' when a vessel might sail from port and never be heard from again, is past."[54]
  • The Russian Arctic Expedition arrived at St. Michael, Alaska, and delivered the first reports of the discovery of the previously unknown land mass which they had named Nicholas II Land (Zemlya Imperatova Nikolaya II).[55] The area is now called Severnaya Zemlya (literally "Northern Land").
  • Born: George M. Foster, American anthropologist, pioneer of medical anthropology; in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (d. 2006)
  • Died: Robinson Ellis, 76, British academic, described as "the greatest of English Latinists" (b. 1834)

Friday, October 10, 1913

  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson pressed a telegraph key at his desk in the White House, sending the electrical charge that ignited dynamite to destroy the Gamboa Dike, thereby completing the Panama Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There was no ceremony; after Wilson pressed the button at 2:00 pm, he said, "There, it is all over. Gamboa is busted."[56][57]
  • Sixteen days before the legislative and presidential elections scheduled for October 26, Mexico's President Victoriano Huerta ordered the arrest of 110 members of the Chamber of Deputies. Soldiers of the Mexican Army surrounded the legislative building, then marched in to arrest the legislators, who had signed a resolution protesting the disappearance of Senator Belisario Dominguez.[58] Seventy-four of the legislators were later charged with conspiring to overthrow the Huerta government.[59]
  • At the inauguration ceremony for China's president Yuan Shikai, the Chief of Beijing's mounted police was arrested and charged with plotting to assassinate Yuan. Police Chief Chen, who confessed that he had been bribed by leaders of the Southern provinces rebellion, had aroused suspicion because of his persistence in trying to be near President Yuan during the ceremony, and several bombs were found at Chief Chen's home.[60]
  • The body of Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, was found floating in the sea, 11 days after his September 28 disappearance from the passenger liner SS Dresden. The crew of the steamer Coertsen, from Belgium, found the body, which was identified by the items Diesel had been carrying.[61]
  • French composer Erik Satie produced the first in a series of piano compositions for beginners titled Enfantines.[62]
  • Born: Claude Simon, French novelist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, author of Triptyque and L'Acacia; in Tananarive, French Madagascar (d. 2005)
  • Died:

Saturday, October 11, 1913

Athletics vs. Giants at the Polo Grounds
Banned in Boston

Sunday, October 12, 1913

Monday, October 13, 1913

Tuesday, October 14, 1913

Wednesday, October 15, 1913

Thursday, October 16, 1913

President Toptani
  • The
    Essad Pasha Toptani, who installed himself as president with his capital at Durrës. Toptani, a rival of Albanian leader Ismail Qemali, disbanded the government three months later under pressure from the leaders of the Great Powers nations, shortly before the outbreak of World War I.[83]
  • The New York State Senate voted 43–12 to convict Governor William Sulzer on three of the eight counts of impeachment against him, removing him permanently from office. Lieutenant-Governor Martin H. Glynn, who had served as acting governor since the impeachment was voted in September, was sworn in as Governor of New York.[84]
  • The British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth, the first to use oil, rather than coal, for its fuel, was launched from Portsmouth. The new generation of British battleship had ten 15-inch guns.[85] After service during both world wars, the ship would be dismantled in 1948.[86]
  • The
    Shubert Theatre.[87]
  • The play Pygmalion, by George Bernard Shaw, was performed for the first time, albeit in the German language, at the Burgtheater in Vienna. The play, which would later become the basis for the musical My Fair Lady, would premiere in London on April 11, 1914.[88]
  • Died: Ralph Rose, 28, American athlete, holder of the world record for distance in the shot put, and Olympic gold medalist 1904, 1908 and 1912, died of typhoid fever (b. 1885)

Friday, October 17, 1913

Saturday, October 18, 1913

Sunday, October 19, 1913

Ryan

Monday, October 20, 1913

Palmer

Tuesday, October 21, 1913

R.J. Reynolds' new "Turkish blend" cigarette

Wednesday, October 22, 1913

Thursday, October 23, 1913

Friday, October 24, 1913

Saturday, October 25, 1913

Sunday, October 26, 1913

  • Presidential and legislative elections were held as scheduled in Mexico, but the results were not announced. The Mexican Constitution required that at least one-third of the registered voters had to participate in order for an election to be valid, and it was estimated than less than one-eighth of the electorate turned out.[131]
  • Parliamentary elections were held in Italy, with the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti retaining its majority.[132] For the first time, there was no literacy requirement for all voters (those over 30 were exempt) and the secret ballot was used throughout the nation.[133]
  • Born: Charlie Barnet, American jazz musician, known for his saxophone collaborations with other artists including Billy May, in New York City (d. 1991)

Monday, October 27, 1913

The Emir Mubarak

Tuesday, October 28, 1913

Wednesday, October 29, 1913

picture1
picture2
Competing inventors Edwin Howard Armstrong and Irving Langmuir
  • After months of delay, Edwin Howard Armstrong filed a patent application on his invention of the regenerative circuit. On the same day, Irving Langmuir applied for a patent on his own regenerative circuit. In the lawsuits that followed over nearly 20 years, Armstrong would be given priority on the strength of a diagram of the circuit, which he had had notarized on January 13, 1913[146] and would be granted U.S. Patent #1,113,149 on October 6, 1914.[147]

Thursday, October 30, 1913

Friday, October 31, 1913

  • 15-year-old Ida Kaufman, a student at the Ferrer Modern School in New York, married her former history teacher, 28-year-old Will Durant. Ida would take on the name Ariel Durant, and the Durants would go on to write the eleven-volume study of Western history, The Story of Civilization. According to some accounts, Ariel roller-skated to the New York City Hall to attend the civil ceremony.[151]
  • The Public Service Association was established to represent government employees and public servants in New Zealand. The organizations currently represents some 70,000 members.[152]
  • The
    San Francisco, California
    , was formally dedicated.

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  2. ^ "Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1913), pp. 551-554
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  89. ^ "Austria Warns Servia", New York Times, October 19, 1913
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