Octopus aquaculture
Octopus aquaculture describes the
Octopuses live short lives, grow quickly and mature early
Species
The
The
Temperature
There is an optimum temperature at which a cold-blooded species does best in terms of growth, survival and food intake. The common octopus is sensitive to temperature, with an optimum range for commercial growth of 16–21°C.[24] Above its optimal thermal range, growth and food intake decrease, and above 23 °C loss in weight and increased mortality has been recorded.[24] A narrow thermal band can mean seasonality in growth due to seasonal variations in water temperatures. The incorporation of temperature control mechanisms, such as in the use of closed or onshore farming systems, can reduce seasonal variances in production.[24]
Nutrition
Crustaceans, such as crabs and lobster are an important dietary constituent of both natural and captive populations of octopus.[25] Fish are not as important. Fish-based diets have been shown to provide both lower growth rates and food conversion to growth ratios in captive octopus. This may be because of high lipid levels in fish flesh.[24] Cephalopods, such as octopus and squids, show low lipid digestibility as a result of low lipid requirements. Consequently, a large component of the fish feed will not be taken up.[26] Crustacean diets are favored possibly as a result of their high protein relative to lipid levels.[24]
Whether octopus farming is profitable depends in large part on how much it costs to maintain a steady supply of crustaceans.[25] Economic profitability can be maximized without significantly compromising biological productivity by incorporating a mix of fish and crustacean-based feed strategies. García García and Cerezo Velverde (2006) found a feeding regime of one day of crab followed by three days of fish can reduce the cost of producing one kg of octopus by a predicted value of €2.96.[25]
Juveniles
Commercial aquaculture so far has been confined to starting with young juveniles caught in the wild, weighing about 750 g. In Spain, these juveniles are purchased from local fishermen and transferred to offshore floating
Paralarva
The bottleneck currently hindering the commercial development of octopus aquaculture is the difficulty of rearing octopus during their early paralarva stage.
To achieve both profitable and environmentally sustainable results, much research has been focused on paralarval rearing.[29] In 2005, scientists from the principal research groups in the field concluded the key factor affecting paralarval mortality is nutrition, making nutritional research the highest priority.[31] There is "no reason not to believe that the aquacultural rearing of octopus will be of great economic potential" as soon as the rearing technology and nutritional issues have been addressed.[27] Research in these areas is promising.[27]
Ethical complications
Many people believe that it is unethical to be farming octopuses, with the main reasons being that octopuses and other
References
- ^ a b Iglesias, J., Otero, J.J., Moxica, C., Fuentes, L., Sánchez, F.J. (2004) "The completed life cycle of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under culture conditions: paralarval rearing using Artemia and zoeae, and first data on juvenile growth up to 8 months of age" Aquac. Int. 12: 481–487.
- Time Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ FAO (2010) The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. FAO, Rome. Page 41.
- ISBN 978-94-017-8648-5, retrieved 2021-11-21
- ^ a b Marshall, Claire (20 December 2021). "The world's first octopus farm - should it go ahead?". BBC. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
- S2CID 53567421.
- ISSN 1448-6059.
- ISBN 978-0-632-06048-1.
- S2CID 23789779.
- ^ a b Institute of Malacology.; Malacology, Institute of; Michigan, University of (1988). Malacologia. Vol. 29. [Ann Arbor: Institute of Malacology].
- S2CID 38200526.
- S2CID 85200058.
- ^ "Nueva Pescanova will commercialize the first octopus raised in aquaculture in the summer of 2022". Spain's News. 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
- ^ Octopus vulgaris FAO: Species Fact Sheets, Rome.
- ^ Rosas, C., Cuzon, G., Pascual, C., Gaxiola, G., Chay, Lòpez, N., Maldonado, T., Domingues, P.M. (2007) "Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab or an artificial diet" Marine Biology, 152: 371–381.
- ^ Solorzano, Y., Viana, M.T., López, L.Mc, Correa, J.G.,True, C.C., Rosas, C. (2009) "Response of newly hatched Octopus bimaculoides fed enriched Artemia salina: Growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content" Aquaculture, 289: 84–90.
- ^ Segawa, S., Nomoto, A. (2002) "Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus ocellatus" Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 801–813.
- ^ Baltazar, P., Rodríguez, P., Rivera, W., Valdivieso, V. (2000) "Cultivo experimental de Octopus mimus, Gould 1852 en perú" Revista Peruana de Biología, 7: 151–160.
- ISBN 978-94-017-8648-5, retrieved 2021-11-21
- ISBN 978-94-017-8648-5, retrieved 2021-11-21
- ^ a b Iglesias J., Sánchez F.J. and Otero J.J. (1997) "Primeras experiencias sobre el cultivo integral del pulpo (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) en el Instituto Español de Oceanografía". In: Costa J., Abellán E., García García B., Ortega A. and Zamora S. (Eds.), VI Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura, Cartagena, Spain, pp. 221–226.
- ISBN 84-00-07010-0.
- ^ a b Mangold, K.M. (1983) "Octopus vulgaris". In: Boyle, P.R. (Ed.), Cephalopod Life Cycles, vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 335–364.
- ^ a b c d e f Aguado, F., García García, B. (2002) "Growth and food intake models in Octopus vulgaris Cuvier/1797: influence of body weight, temperature, sex and diet" Aquac. Int. 10: 361–377.
- ^ a b c García García, B., Cerezo Valverde, J. (2006) "Optimal proportions of crabs and fish in diet for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) ongrowing" Aquaculture, 253: 502–511.
- ^ Lee P.G. (1994) "Nutrition of cephalopods: Fueling the system" In: Pörtner H.O., O’Dor R.K. and Mac- millan D.L. (eds), Physiology of Cephalopod Molluscs: Lifestyle and Performance Adaptations Gordon & Brench Publishers, Switzerland, pp. 35–51.
- ^ a b c García García, J., Rodriguez Gonzalez, L.M., García García, B. (2004) "Cost analysis of octopus ongrowing installation in Galicia" Span. Jour. Agr. Res. 2(4): 521-537.
- ^ a b Carrasco, J.F., Arronte, J.C., Rodríguez, C. (2006) "Paralarval rearing of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier)" Aquac. Res. 37: 1601–1605.
- ^ a b Vaz-Pires, P., Seixas, P., Barbosa, A. (2004) "Aquaculture potential of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797): a review" Aquaculture, 238(1–4): 221–238.
- ^ Moxica, C; F. Linares, J. J. Otero, J. Iglesias and F. J. Sánchez(2002) "Cultivo intensivo de paralarvas de pulpo, Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, en tanques de 9 m3" Archived 2012-06-30 at the Wayback Machine Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 18 (1-4): 31-36.
- ^ a b Iglesiasa J.; F.J. Sáncheza, J.G.F. Bersanob, J.F. Carrascoc, J. Dhontd, L. Fuentesa, F. Linarese, J.L. Muñozf, S. Okumurag, J. Rooh, T. van der Meereni, E.A.G. Vidalj and R. Villanuevak (2007) "Rearing of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae: Present status, bottlenecks and trends" Aquaculture, 266 (1-4): 1–15.
External links
- Kassam, Ashifa. (June 25, 2023) ‘A symbol of what humans shouldn’t be doing’: the new world of octopus farming. The Guardian.
- Jiménez, Lourdes; Virgilio Arenas, Daniel Méndez, Gerardo Preciado, Ana Gabriela Díaz and Mitzy Blanco (2009) Sustainable Octopus Fishery Program in Veracruz Reef System National Park, Mexico World Aquaculture Society, , World Aquaculture 2009. Conference presentation
- Seixas, Pedro F. and Manuel Rey-Méndez (2006) Potential use of octopus species for aquaculture: Present state of the situation, perspectives and limitations World Aquaculture Society, AQUA 2006, Firenze, Italy. Conference presentation