Odo of Bayeux
Odo of Bayeux (died 1097) was
Early life
Odo was the son of William the Conqueror's mother Herleva and Herluin de Conteville. Count Robert of Mortain was his younger brother. There is uncertainty about his birth date. Some historians have suggested he was born around 1035. Duke William made him bishop of Bayeux in 1049. It has been suggested that his birth was as early as 1030, making him about nineteen rather than fourteen at the time.
Norman Conquest and after
Although Odo was an ordained
In 1067, Odo became Earl of Kent, and for some years he was a trusted royal minister.[3] On some occasions when William was absent (back in Normandy), he served as regent of England,[4] and at times he led the royal forces against rebellions (e.g. the Revolt of the Earls): the precise sphere of his powers is not certain. There are also other occasions when he accompanied William back to Normandy.
During this time Odo acquired vast estates in England, larger in extent than anyone except the king: he had land in twenty-three counties, primarily in the south east and in East Anglia.
Trial, imprisonment and rebellion
In 1076, at the Trial of Penenden Heath, Odo was tried in front of a large and senior assembly over the course of three days at Penenden Heath in Kent for defrauding the Crown and the Diocese of Canterbury. At the conclusion of the trial he was forced to return a number of properties and his assets were re-apportioned.[5]
In 1082, Odo was suddenly disgraced and imprisoned for having planned a military expedition to Italy. His motives are not certain.[3] Chroniclers writing a generation later said Odo desired to make himself pope during the Investiture Controversy while Pope Gregory VII was in severe difficulty in his conflict with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the position of pope was in contention; but the contemporary evidence is ambiguous.[6] Whatever the reason, Odo spent the next five years in prison and his English estates were taken back by the king, as was his office as Earl of Kent. Odo was not deposed as Bishop of Bayeux.
On his deathbed in 1087, King William I was reluctantly persuaded by his half-brother, Robert, Count of Mortain, to release Odo. After the king's death, Odo returned to England. William's eldest son, Robert Curthose, had been made duke of Normandy, while Robert's brother William Rufus had received the throne of England.[7]: 433–436 The bishop supported Robert Curthose's claim to England. The Rebellion of 1088 failed and William Rufus permitted Odo to leave the kingdom. Afterwards, Odo remained in the service of Robert in Normandy.[7]: 450–452
Odo joined the First Crusade and started in the duke's company for Palestine, but died on the way at Palermo in January or February 1097.[3] He was buried in Palermo Cathedral.[4]
Commentary on Odo
William Stearns Davis writes in Life on a Medieval Barony (1923):
Bishop Odo of Bayeux fought at Hastings (1066) before any such authorized champions of the church existed. ... That bishops shall restrain from warfare is really a pious wish not easily in this sinful world to be granted.[8]
Portrayals on screen
On screen, Odo has been portrayed by John Nettleton in the two-part BBC TV play Conquest (1966), part of the series Theatre 625, and by Denis Lill in the TV drama Blood Royal: William the Conqueror (1990).
Notes
- ^ This reason for his use of a club was proposed by David C. Douglas & George W. Greenaway, (Eds.) in: English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959, p. 238, The Bayeux Tapestry. As Duke William himself is shown further on also holding a club, the theory seems to lose force.
- ^ Ewart Oakeshott thinks the club has significance as a symbol of leadership in European Weapons and Armour, Ewart Oakeshott, 1980, pp. 62–63
- ^ a b c Davis 1911.
- ^ a b Bates 2004.
- ^ Ireland 1829, p. 653.
- ^ Dean 2013, pp. 9–13.
- ^ a b Ordericus Vitalis (1854). The ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy, Volume 2. Guizot, François, M.; Delisle, Léopold. H.G. Bohn. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8196-2061-3.
References
- Bates, David (September 2004). "Odo, earl of Kent (d. 1097)". required.)
- Davis, Henry William Carless (1911). "Odo of Bayeux". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Dean, Sidney E. (2013). "Brother in Arms: Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, Earl of Kent". Medieval Warfare. 3 (2): 9–13. JSTOR 48578212.
- Ireland, William Henry (1829). England's Topographer: or A New and Complete History of the County of Kent. London: G. Virtue.
Further reading
- Bates, David, 'The Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux (1049/50–1097)', in: Speculum, vol. 50, pp. 1–20 (1975).
- LePatourel, John (September 1946). "The Date of the Trial on Penenden Heath". .
- "Odo of Bayeux (Norman noble)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- Rowley, Trevor, The Man Behind the Bayeux Tapestry: Odo, William the Conqueror's Half-Brother (2013) ISBN 978-0-7524-6025-3
- Nakashian, Craig M, Warrior Churchmen of Medieval England, 1000-1250 (Boydell & Brewer, 2016) ISBN 978-1-7832-7162-7