Oecusse
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|
Oecusse | |
---|---|
Municipality and Special Administrative Region | |
| |
6th | |
Time zone | UTC+09:00 (TLT) |
ISO 3166 code | TL-OE |
HDI (2017) | 0.553[1] medium · 13th |
Oecusse
Located on the north coast of the western portion of Timor, Oecusse is separated from the rest of East Timor by West Timor, Indonesia, which is part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara. West Timor surrounds Oecusse on all sides except the north, where the exclave faces the Savu Sea.
The capital of Oecusse is Pante Macassar, also called Oecussi Town, or formerly, in Portuguese Timor, Vila Taveiro. Originally Ambeno was the name of the former district and Oecussi its capital.[2]
Etymology
Oecusse is the traditional name of Pante Macassar, the present day capital of the Special Administrative Region, and its environs. The location of today's capital was also the seat of the second traditional kingdom of the area, based at Oesono .[3] The historic Timorese empire that occupied most of the territory of the present day SAR was known as Ambeno, and was centred in Tulaica and Nunuhenu .[4]: 58, 124
The
In the Portuguese colonial period, "Oecusse" and "Ambeno" were both already being used as synonyms referring to the exclave.[7] Later, the double-barrelled name Oecusse-Ambeno came into use. In the official list of all administrative divisions of East Timor published in 2009, the then district was referred to only by its short name "Oecusse".[8] The present day SAR is not politically divided along the borders of the old empires of the area.[4]: 124 In Ministerial Diploma 16/2017, "Oe-Cusse Ambeno" was once again officially used.[9]
As is not uncommon in East Timor, there are numerous different spellings for the region's name: Oe-Kusi, Oecusse, Ocussi, Oecússi, Oecussi, Oekussi, Oekusi, Okusi, Oé-Cusse. The spellings with "k" are mostly derived from Tetum or other Austronesian languages, and those with "c" are spellings based on Portuguese. As has just been indicated, the double-barrelled name Oecusse-Ambeno (also Oecussi-Ambeno, Ocussi-Ambeno, Oecússi-Ambeno, Oe-Kusi Ambenu) was reactivated in official usage in 2017, in place of Oecusse on its own. The exclave is seldom now referred to only as Ambeno (Ambenu), as it was during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.[10]
Geography
Overview
Oecusse SAR has a total area of 813.6 km2 (314.1 sq mi).[11] It is completely surrounded by Indonesian territory, except to the north, where it faces Ombai Strait (at that point, part of the Savu Sea).[12][13][14] Geographically, the rest of East Timor is 58 km (36 mi) east of the SAR's easternmost tip; by road, the distance is more than 70 km (43 mi).[15]
In the north of the SAR, there is
The northeast of the SAR has the wildest and youngest of the whole island's surface structure, and is partially of volcanic origin.[17] Close to the SAR's northeastern border, within the Pante Macassar administrative post, is the Sapu (Fatu Nipane) (1,259 m (4,131 ft) AMSL).[15][21] In the southernmost of the SAR's administrative posts, Passabe, the land rises continuously and, at the SAR's southwestern tip, reaches Bisae Súnan (1,560 m (5,120 ft) AMSL), the highest peak in the whole of the SAR.[16]: 4 [22] Other mountains in the SAR include the Manoleu (1,171 m (3,842 ft) AMSL) in the west of the Nitibe administrative post, and the Puas (1,121 m (3,678 ft) in Passabe.[15][22]
Around 30% of the SAR is wooded, mostly by forest and Eucalyptus woodland, which is often threatened by slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture and illegal tree cutting.[16]: 4 South of the town of Oesilo (in the suco of Bobometo ) are active mud volcanoes.[23]
At its far western extremity, the SAR extends to the Indonesian
As of 2019, East Timor and Indonesia were at odds over the Área Cruz (Passabe), until it was agreed that it belonged to East Timor. Also disputed are the 1,069 ha (2,640 acres) 'Citrana Triangle', the town of Naktuka (Nitibe) and Batek Island (or Fatu Sinai), 12 km (7.5 mi) off the coast of the SAR's westernmost point.[27]
Climate
Oecusse has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a hot, humid and uncomfortable wet season from December to April and a hot, less humid dry season from May to November.
The temperature in Oecusse depends on elevation. In the coastal lowlands, it is about 31–33 °C (88–91 °F) in daytime (20–25 °C (68–77 °F) at night). With each 1,000 m (3,300 ft) of elevation, it decreases about 4–5 °C (39–41 °F). The annual precipitation rate is 1,000–2,500 mm (39–98 in). As in many parts of Timor, some areas become isolated in the rainy season because of flooding.[16]: 3–4
Climate data for Oecusse (1919–1963) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.3 (90.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 282.0 (11.10) |
228.6 (9.00) |
205.5 (8.09) |
89.0 (3.50) |
36.6 (1.44) |
7.7 (0.30) |
6.2 (0.24) |
2.6 (0.10) |
1.3 (0.05) |
15.6 (0.61) |
54.2 (2.13) |
177.3 (6.98) |
1,106.6 (43.54) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 76 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78 | 78 | 76 | 74 | 68 | 63 | 65 | 67 | 71 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 72 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 182.9 | 166.7 | 248.0 | 264.0 | 294.5 | 279.0 | 297.6 | 310.0 | 351.0 | 316.2 | 294.0 | 235.6 | 3,239.5 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.9 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 7.6 | 8.8 |
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[28] |
History
Oecusse and Ambeno are the names of the two original kingdoms in the area, of which Ambeno existed before the colonial period.
Oecusse was among the first parts of the island of Timor on which the Portuguese established themselves, and is thus usually considered the cradle of East Timor. In about 1556, the Dominican friar António Taveiro, operating from a base on Solor, started missionary work on the north coast of Timor. Shortly after this, in 1569, the village of "Alifao" (Lifau) is mentioned on a European map. It was situated five kilometres to the west of modern Pante Macassar.[29] For the Portuguese traders in sandalwood, Lifau was a convenient place to land since it was situated to the south of their base in the Solor Archipelago. The area was dominated by the Ambeno kingdom, which was sometimes referred as the kingdom of Lifau.
In 1641 the Dominican priests baptised the royal families of the Ambeno, Mena and
In 1702, Lifau became the authorised capital of the colony when it received the first governor from
In 1859, with the Treaty of Lisbon, Portugal and the Netherlands divided the island between them. West Timor became Dutch, with its colonial seat at Kupang, and East Timor became Portuguese, with its seat in Dili. This left Oecusse and Noimuti as enclaves surrounded by Dutch territory. In 1912 the Liurai of Ambeno, João da Cruz, staged a revolt against the Portuguese. It was quickly put down, after which the Ambeno kingdom lapsed. The Liurai of Oecusse became dominant in the entire Oecusse exclave.[32] The definitive border was drawn by The Hague in 1916. Apart from Japanese occupation during World War II, the border remained the same until the end of the colonial period. The region was given the status of county (conselho), named Oecússi, by the Portuguese government in August 1973, the last Timorese area to receive it.
Indonesian forces invaded Oecusse on 6 June 1975. In October they occupied the western border districts of East Timor's main territory. It was in Pante Macassar that an Indonesian fifth column raised the Indonesian flag on 29 November 1975, a week before the official Indonesian invasion of East Timor proper. However, even under Indonesian rule, Oecusse was administered as part of the province of East Timor, as it had been as part of Portuguese Timor. Like much of the country, it suffered violent attacks near the 1999 referendum for independence. Over 90 percent of the infrastructure was destroyed. It became part of the independent state of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
In the 1970s and 1980s, anarchist
On 11 November 1999, over 600 Australian troops from 3RAR (Third Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment) deployed from Maliana in East Timor proper to Oecusse to liberate the enclave. They stayed there until late February 2000, being replaced by Jordanian troops.[citation needed]
Politics
Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution provide that Oecussi Ambeno be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 03/2014 of 18 June 2014 created the Special Administrative Region of Oecusse Ambeno (Região Administrativa Especial de Oecusse Ambeno, RAEOA). A national development programme to implement governmental policy, called ZEESM TL (Special Zones of Social Market Economy of Timor-Leste) is in place.[34] The President of RAEOA & ZEESM TL was Mari Alkatiri, a former Prime Minister of East Timor.[35]
The East Timor government that established the ZEESM TL programme was hoping that it would bring economic sustainability before the country's oil and gas reserves run out.[36] During a visit to Oecusse in November 2015, the then Prime Minister, Rui Maria de Araújo, claimed that the government's investment in the Region would benefit all people in East Timor, not just those in Oecusse.[37] However, there has been criticism of the programme's lack of transparency and accountability, and its absence of any public cost-benefit or risk analysis, or any significant private investment.[36] Questions have also been raised as to whether the programme is one that is necessarily appropriate for the area, or likely to be in the best interests of its citizens.[38]
According to one commentator, many observers of East Timor's strategic investment choices have wondered, "Why is the government of a country comprised of [largely] subsistence farmers obsessed with glitzy prestige projects at the expense of more pressing needs such as health and agriculture?"
Administrative posts
Oecusse is divided into four administrative posts (formerly sub-districts):[41][42]
- Nitibe
- Oesilo
- Pante Macassar (with capital Pante Macassar)
- Passabe
The administrative posts are divided into 18 sucos (villages) in total.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2015 Census, Oecusse had a population of 68,913 people, divided into 14,345 households. The Census of 15 October 2022 gave a total of 80,176.[43]
The Atoni Pah Meto (typically just referred to as the Meto) are the dominant ethnic group, and Meto is the only indigenous language spoken. The Meto people also dominate the population of Indonesian West Timor.
Languages
The native language of most residents is
Although
Religion
99.3% of the inhabitants are
Transport
Air
The new Oecusse or
Road
Main roads link Pante Macassar to
A network of minor roads link other areas within Oecusse Municipality with Pante Macassar and the capitals of administrative posts. On 12 June 2017 a bridge over the Tono River was inaugurated by the president of Timor-Leste, Francisco Guterres.[49] The Noefefan Bridge connects the isolated regions to the west of the Tono River to Pante Macassar, providing them permanent access to markets, the ferry and airport, even during the rainy season (November to April).[50]
Roads also lead to minor border crossings in Passabe (with Haumeniana also in North Central Timor Regency) and Citrana (with Oepoli in Kupang Regency), mostly catering to crossings by residents of border villages.[47]
Sea
The ferry Berlin Nakroma connects Oecusse to Dili, arriving twice a week on a journey which takes 12 hours.[51]
References
Notes
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Hull, Geoffrey (2002), The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts (Revised 9.2.2002) (PDF), Independently published, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2009, retrieved 20 April 2022
- ^ a b Yoder, Laura (2005). Custom, codification, collaboration: Integrating the legacies of land and forest authorities in Oecusse Enclave, East Timor (PhD thesis). Yale University. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Hull, Geoffrey (June 2006). "The placenames of East Timor" (PDF). Placenames Australia: Newsletter of the Australian National Placenames Survey: 6–7, at 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Real, José Fernando (21 July 2021), Cussi: A Lenda do Arco-íris: Ai-knanoik Oekusi nian / Cussi: A Lenda do Arco-íris [Cussi: The Legend of the Rainbow], (recorded narration by Moisés Seco Fallo (Sani), Lian Nain from Kussi, Suco Banafi ) (in Tetum and Portuguese), Lifau: 500 Sonhos em Timor, retrieved 20 April 2022
- ^ Border demarcation map of Oecusse dated 16 February 1899.
- ^ "Diploma Ministerial No:199/GM/MAEOT/IX/09 (15 September 2009)" (PDF). Jornal da República (in Portuguese). Série I (33): 3588. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ "Declaração de Rectificação do Diploma Ministerial N.º 16/2017 (9 May 2017)" (PDF). Jornal da República (in Portuguese). Série I (17B): 4. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ISBN 1740596447.
- ^ Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census - Data Sheet (PDF), Dili: General Directorate of Statistics, 2015, retrieved 17 April 2022
- ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. pp. 27, 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- . Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ISBN 9789292616731. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- ^ a b c Sanchez, Caitlin; Lopes Carvalho, Venancio; Kathriner, Andrew; O’Shea, Mark; Kaiser, Hinrich (2012). "First Report on the Herpetofauna of the Oecusse District, an Exclave of Timor-Leste". Herpetology Notes. 5. Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH): 137–149, at 137. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ ISSN 2195-4534. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ a b "An Information Service on East Timor: The geomorfology". University of Coimbra. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ISBN 0646417169. Archivedfrom the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ISBN 9780646486871. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b DPOE 2002, p. 3.
- ^ "Nuaf Sapu, Timor-Leste". geographic.org. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ a b "TIMOR LORO SAE - MAPA: Mapa do enclave de Oecussi Ambeno" [EAST TIMOR - MAPS: Map of the Oecusse enclave]. A.M.O.C. - Associação dos Militares do Oecussi (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ Santos, Frederico; Pereira, Jose; Araujo, Antonio (2012), Mud volcano in East Timor: Constituent materials, the process, the geological structure and its interpretation, retrieved 18 April 2022
- ^ Bano 2013–2014, p. 13.
- ^ Arrangement between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste on Traditional Border Crossings and Regulated Markets (PDF), 11 June 2003, p. 14,
Annex D
- ^ Sutisna, Sobar; Handoyo, Sri (2006). Delineation and Demarcation Surveys of the Land Border in Timor: Indonesian Perspective. International Symposium on Land and River Boundaries Demarcation and Maintenance in Support of Borderland Development. Bangkok. pp. 1–9, at 7.
- ^ Tos (22 January 2022). "Xanana aprezenta progresu negosiasaun fronteira marítima no terrestre ba PN - GMN TV". GMN TV (in Tetum). Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Ocussi, Insel Timor / Ost-Timor" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ^ Durand, Frédéric (2006). Timor: 1250–2005, 750 ans de cartographie et de voyage [Timor: 1250–2005, 750 Years of Cartography and Travel] (in French). Toulouse: Arkuiris. p. 65.
- JSTOR 27868341.
- ^ Boxer, C. R. (1947). The Topasses of Timor. Amsterdam: Indisch Instituut te Amsterdam.
- ^ Pélissier, R. (1996). Timor en guerre: Le crocodile et les portugais (1847–1913) [Timor at War: The Crocodile and the Portuguese (1847–1913)] (in French). Orgeval: Pélissier. pp. 274–277, 299–301.
- ^ Hayward, Philip (2019). "Oecusse and the Sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno: Pranksterism, Misrepresentation and Micronationality". Small States & Territories. 2 (2): 183–194. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "ZEESM TL & RAEOA – ZEESM TL". www.zeesm.tl. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "East Timor Set to Swear in Mari Alkatiri as PM". Al Jazeera. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ a b Davidson, Helen (25 May 2017). "Timor-Leste's Big Spending: A Brave Way to Tackle Economic Crisis or Just Reckless?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- ^ "Prime Minister visits Oe-cusse Ambeno". Government of Timor-Leste. 7 November 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ Meitzner Yoder 2015, p. 315.
- ISBN 9781315534992.
- ^ "Oe-Cusse Suco Reports". Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ISBN 9780810867543.
- ^ National Institute of Statistics Timor-Leste, 2023.
- ^ "Oé-Cusse International Airport "Rota do Sândalo" (Sandalo Route) Has Been Inaugurated". ZEESM TL. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ Riska Rahman (21 June 2019). "After Oecusse Airport, Wika Eyes More in Timor Leste". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ "Oecusse Airport Built by WIKA Has Been Inaugurated". IDNFinancials. 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ a b "About Us". Immigration Service of Timor-Leste. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Inauguration of Integrated Border Post- Sakato, Oecusi". Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Inauguration of Noefefan Bridge in Oecusse Ambeno". Government of Timor Leste. 12 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Noefefan Bridge Inaugurated". ZEESM TL. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Nakroma Ferry in Oecussi". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- "Lei N.º 3/2014 de 18 de Junho Cria a Região Administrativa Especial de Oe-Cusse Ambeno e estabelece a Zona Especial de Economia Social de Mercado" (PDF), Jornal da República, Série I, N.° 21, 18 de Junho de 2014, 7334–7341
Bibliography
- Amado, Miguel; Rodrigues, Evelina (2021). "Sustainable Tourism Planning: A Strategy for Oecusse-Ambeno, East Timor". (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Bano, Arsénio (2013–2014). Oecusse Special Economic Zones of Social Market Economy: First steps towards a new Oecusse (PDF) (Report). ZEESM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Hosgelen, Merve (July 2017). Stern, Jeffrey (ed.). Special Administrative Region of Oé-Cusse Ambeno: An Alternative Development Model for Timor-Leste (PDF) (Report). UNDP Timor-Leste. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- Meitzner Yoder, Laura S. (1 December 2015). "The development eraser: fantastical schemes, aspirational distractions and high modern mega-events in the Oecusse enclave, Timor-Leste". from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ——————————— (July 2016). "Oecusse's Special Economic Zone and Local Governance". State, Society & Governance in Melanesia (In Brief 2016/5). Australian National University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- Rose, Michael Charles (October 2017). Between kase (foreign) and meto (indigenous) Highland spirits and global aspirations in the Oecussi enclave (PDF) (PhD thesis). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- —————————— (18 November 2019). "Megaprojects before people in Oecussi". Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- District Profile Oecussi Enclave (PDF) (Report). April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "Vol I: Overview of Oecusse Today & Long Term Potential" (PDF). Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: Oecusse Economic and Trade Potential (Report). No: ACS18457. Washington, DC: World Bank. May 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- "Vol II: Detailed Analysis and Background Documents" (PDF). Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: Oecusse Economic and Trade Potential (Report). No: ACS18457. Washington, DC: World Bank. May 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- "Supporting the Oe-Cusse RAEOA ZEESM" (PDF) (PowerPoint presentation). UNDP-RAEOA ZEESM Partnership. 10 July 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
Further reading
- Laura S. Meitzner Yoder (29 April 2016). "The formation and remarkable persistence of the Oecusse-Ambeno enclave, Timor". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 47 (2): 281–303. S2CID 156975625.
- "Timor-Leste: Oecusse and the Indonesian Border" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 20 May 2010.
- Sanchez, Caitlin; Carvalho, Venancio Lopes; Kathriner, Andrew; O’Shea, Mark; Kaiser, Hinrich (2012). "First report on the herpetofauna of the Oecusse District, an exclave of Timor-Leste". Herpetology Notes. 5: 137–149.
External links
- Union of Capital Cities of the Portuguese Language (in Portuguese)
- Association of Soldiers of Oecusse (in Portuguese)
- La'o Hamutuk: Special Economic Zone in Oecusse (in English & Tetum)
- Oecusse Enclave
- Official Timor-Leste Regional Governmental Website: for RAEOA and ZEESM TL: www.zeesm.tl
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