Oeiras, Portugal
Oeiras | |
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Top: Porto Salvo; Paço de Arcos Beach; middle: Palace of the Marquis of Pombal; Fort of São Lourenço do Bugio; Monsanto Tower; bottom: Royal Gardens of Caxias; São Julião da Barra Fortress | |
Nossa Senhora da Purificação | |
Website | www |
Oeiras (Portuguese pronunciation: making the municipality the fifth-most densely populated in Portugal.
Oeiras is an important economic hub, being one of the most highly developed municipalities of Portugal and Europe. It has the highest
History
The mild climate, access to water, quality of its soils and geographically advantageous location at the mouth of the
Remnants of the Roman occupation of the Iberian peninsula are evident in many places throughout the municipality, including mosaics, specifically along the Rua das Alcássimas, and a Roman bridge. The later Arab conquest left behind several toponymic markers, including Arab/Moorish place names such as Alcássimas, Algés, Alpendroado and Quinta da Moura.
Kingdom era
The settlement of Oeiras dates back to 1208, when the area was colonized by Christians arrived from northern lands of the Kingdom of Portugal who were moving south into warmer agricultural lands during the process of Reconquista (reconquest of ancient Visigothic Kingdom’s territory occupied by Muslim invaders since the 8th century).
At the beginning of the
The municipality was founded in 1759 by the
In 1770, the first agricultural and industrial fair was established in Oeiras, representing a unique national event that also contributed to the creation of fishing shelters and a new
In 1894, the municipality was abolished, but it was reestablished four years later on 13 January 1898. It was reconstituted without
20th century
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the growth of leisure activities along the coast transformed Oeiras, which became a privileged location for the Portuguese elite.
By the beginning of the 20th century, many of the beaches in Oeiras were already occupied by the higher social classes, who travelled to the municipality for medical reasons (believing the air and beach-waters were therapeutic). The construction of National Roadway 6 (EN6) would later link Lisboa to Cascais, permitting new travellers to experience the area, resulting in an influx of new residents that expanded the urban centres, giving rise to beach "chalets" and summer cottages. Simultaneously, the concentration of economic activities in Lisbon and surrounding urban municipalities meant that Oeiras had direct access to the capital.
After 1940–50, the municipality began to function as a suburb and bedroom community, attracting more residential growth along the coast. This culminated in the 1970s with the appearance of illegal urban settlements, squatters and barrios. Until the 1980s, the municipality was dependent on the much larger urban centre for development.
By the end of the 1980s, however, Oeiras began to constitute its own economic pole in the
Geography
The municipality is located along the northern margin and mouth of the
Administratively, the municipality is divided into five civil parishes (
- Algés, Linda-a-Velha e Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo
- Barcarena
- Carnaxide e Queijas
- Oeiras e São Julião da Barra, Paço de Arcos e Caxias
- Porto Salvo
Along the 10 km coastline, where the Tagus River meets the ocean, several natural coves were at the origin of its beaches:
- Praia da Torre
- Praia de Santo Amaro de Oeiras
- Praia de Paço de Arcos
- Praia de Caxias
Two major green areas spread over Oeiras municipality: the Estação Agronómica Nacional and the
Climate
Oeiras has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters with less precipitation and slightly smoother variations in temperature than the nearby city of Lisbon.
Climate data for Sassoeiros, 1 km (0.62 mi) northwest of Oeiras, 1961-1990 normals and extremes, altitude: 50 m (160 ft) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
42.3 (108.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
38.5 (101.3) |
38.6 (101.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
42.3 (108.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.1 (60.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.8 (53.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 94.6 (3.72) |
92.9 (3.66) |
59.9 (2.36) |
58.8 (2.31) |
38.5 (1.52) |
16.7 (0.66) |
3.8 (0.15) |
5.6 (0.22) |
18.1 (0.71) |
70.4 (2.77) |
109.5 (4.31) |
96.0 (3.78) |
664.8 (26.17) |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
79 | 77 | 72 | 74 | 71 | 68 | 63 | 63 | 66 | 70 | 75 | 73 | 71 |
Source: IPMA[4] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 6,069 | — |
1849 | 5,072 | −16.4% |
1900 | 10,447 | +106.0% |
1930 | 29,440 | +181.8% |
1960 | 94,255 | +220.2% |
1981 | 149,328 | +58.4% |
1991 | 151,342 | +1.3% |
2001 | 162,128 | +7.1% |
2011 | 172,120 | +6.2% |
Oeiras municipality had a population of 172,120 at the 2011 census, remaining the nation's 11th most populous municipality and the 5th greatest in terms of population density.
The major expansion in the municipality's demographics, like those of the other municipalities that circle Lisbon, occurred in the second half of the 20th century. Realizing this growth, and understanding that there was a need to control urban sprawl, in 1948 the Plano de Urbanização da Costa do Sol ('Sun Coast Urbanization Plan') was adopted to manage this activities in the northern margin of the Tagus. This remained active until 1994, when the first Plano Director Municipal ('Municipal Plan') was adopted.
Demographically, the population is divided into 52.6% women to 47.4% men, with the majority of its resident population in the cohort between 25 and 64 years of age (approximately 92,978 inhabitants). Rounding out these numbers, there are 24,153 seniors over the age of 65 and 22,685 residents less than 14 years of age.[5] Oeiras has the highest concentration of bachelor's and PhD degrees in the country, as well as the highest percentage of graduates in the country: 26%.
Number of Inhabitants by age group | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1900 | 1911 | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | |
0–14 years | 3,170 | 5,373 | 5,352 | 7,870 | 9,096 | 11,404 | 22,855 | 46,865 | 38,784 | 27,728 | 22,685 | 26,559 |
15–24 years | 2,082 | 3,473 | 4,123 | 6,405 | 7,313 | 10,206 | 14,679 | 26,285 | 20,635 | 24,932 | 22,312 | 16,533 |
25–64 years | 4,936 | 7,625 | 8,335 | 13,748 | 19,744 | 28,262 | 51,388 | 96,155 | 79,278 | 82,855 | 92,978 | 96,059 |
≤ 65 years | 559 | 805 | 847 | 1,340 | 2,118 | 3,129 | 5,333 | 10,910 | 10,631 | 15,827 | 24,153 | 32,969 |
Unknown age | 21 | 91 | 265 | 31 | 111 |
Economy
The industrialized and heavily commercial municipality is occupied by several facilities, which include the headquarters of
The municipality is also a business incubator due to the purposeful creation of many science, technology, research and business parks and centers, including:
- Arquiparque
- Lagoas Park
- Miraflores Premium
- Neo Park
- Parque Holanda
- Parque Suécia
- Quinta da Fonte
- Taguspark - Science and Technology Park
- Tagus Space
Several not-for-profit private and governmental institutions are also headquartered within the vicinity of Oeiras town. These include the principal naval service command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO); IGC - Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, and a branch of the Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, responsible for agrarian research, the Estação Agronómica Nacional (National Agronomy Station), which are all located within the municipality of Oeiras.
The first Portuguese semiconductor company, Chipidea, founded in 1997, was established in Oeiras until being acquired by MIPS Technologies for $147 million in 2007.[9] On May 8, 2009, Synopsys acquired it as the Analog Business Group from MIPS Technologies for $22 million in cash.
Main sights
Oeiras offers a range of points of interest, ranging from monuments of unique and historical value, such as the Palace of Marquês de Pombal and Palace of the Royal Estate in Caxias (that dates from the 18th century and surrounded by luxurious gardens) to sites with industrial history, like the Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena ('Barcarena Gunpowder Factory'), a reclaimed arms factory used for leisure and cultural purposes.
Leisure facilities include the sports complex of Jamor, Oeiras' promenade (linking Algés and Oeiras e São Julião da Barra) and the yacht harbour, in addition to other local parks and green spaces. The modern Parque dos Poetas ('Poets' Park'), a green space with statues of Portuguese poets and writers, is also one of the ex-libris of Oeiras. Many of the former town centres have been recovered, displaying monuments and tourist-oriented venues for leisure, cultural, gastronomic and social events (for example the town of Paço de Arcos).
Monuments
- Marquis of Pombal's Palace
- Lime kilns from the Middle Ages (Fornos da Cal)
Parks
- Oeiras Municipal Park
- Poets' Park
Leisure facilities
Arts & culture
Festivals
Sports
The final matches of the Portuguese
The Portugal Open (previously known as Estoril Open) was an ATP and WTA tennis tournament held in the sports complex of Jamor, from 1990 until 2014.
Education
Higher education
- Escola Náutica Infante D. Henrique - in Paço de Arcos
- FMH - Faculdade de Motricidade Humana (School of Human Motricity) - in Jamor
- Instituto Superior Técnico (Taguspark) - in Porto Salvo
- University New Atlântica - in Barcarena
Research
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB)
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET)
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (IPIMAR)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV)
Others
- Instituto Español Giner de los Ríos[10] (Spanish international school) - in Algés, Linda-a-Velha e Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo
- Oeiras International School - in Barcarena
Infrastructure
Transportation
The A5 motorway passes through Oeiras, providing a highway connection to Cascais and Lisbon.
The municipality is served by the
Oeiras formerly contained the SATUOeiras people mover that connected Oeiras Parque Shopping Center with Paço de Arcos. The line operated between 2004 and 2015.[11]
International relations
Oeiras is
- Benguela, Angola
- Gebze, Turkey
- Inhambane, Mozambique
- Mindelo, Cape Verde
- Mohammedia, Morocco
- Oeiras, Brazil
- Príncipe, São Tomé and Príncipe
- Quinhámel, Guinea-Bissau
- Saint-Étienne, France
Notable people
- Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, Count of Paço de Arcos (1834–1905) a Portuguese statesman.
- Luísa Fialho (1839–1891) a Portuguese theatre actor
- João José Sinel de Cordes (1867–1930) a Portuguese general and politician.
- Adelino Amaro da Costa (1943–1980) a Portuguese politician.
- Antonio Alonso Martinez (born 1963) a Portuguese/ Spanish painter
- Camané (born 1966) a vocalist and male fado singer
- Helder Moutinho (born 1969) a Portuguese singer and songwriter in the Fado genre
Sport
- Fernando Peres (1943–2019) a footballer and manager with 314 club caps and 27 for Portugal
- Nélson Moutinho (born 1959) a Portuguese former footballer with 424 club caps
- Ricardo Pedroso (born 1977) middle-distance freestyle swimmer, competed at 2000 Summer Olympics
- Sérgio Paulinho (born 1980) a Portuguese road bicycle racer
- Marcos Chuva (born 1989) a long jumper, competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics
- Diogo Antunes (born 1992) a Portuguese 100 metres sprinter
- Daniel Podence (born 1995) a footballer who plays for Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. and has almost 200 club caps
- Pedro Perino (born 2005) a Portuguese-Mozambican racing driver
See also
References
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
- ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 82" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ^ "Forest Protection Municipal Plan Against Wildfires" (PDF). Oeiras Municipality. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ Oeiras: Factos e Números (in Portuguese), Oeiras, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Oeiras, July 2003[permanent dead link]
- ^ Google traz hub tecnológico para Oeiras. Cria 500 empregos em Portugal, ECO (24 January 2018) https://eco.sapo.pt/2018/01/24/google-traz-hub-tecnologico-para-oeiras-cria-500-empregos-em-portugal/
- ^ "Contacts: White Airways" (in Portuguese). Porto Salvo (Oeiras), Portugal. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ "Contacts: Omni Aviation" (in Portuguese). Porto Salvo (Oeiras), Portugal. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "MIPS Technologies Acquires World's Leading Analog Intellectual Property Company; Acquisition of Chipidea Microelectronica S.A. Propels MIPS to #2 Ranking". Design And Reuse. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ^ "ATENCIÓN AL PÚBLICO." Instituto Español Giner de los Ríos. Retrieved on May 2, 2015. "DIRECCIÓN POSTAL Rua Direita do Dafundo, 40 1495-717 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo Lisboa (Portugal) "
- ^ Soares, Marisa (9 April 2015). "SATU de Oeiras fará a última viagem a 31 de Maio". Publico. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Geminações". cm-oeiras.pt (in Portuguese). Oeiras. Retrieved 2019-12-10.