Offering (Buddhism)
Buddhist devotional practices |
---|
Devotional |
|
Holidays |
Precepts |
|
Other |
|
In
Within the traditional Buddhist framework of karma and rebirth, offerings lead to the accumulation of merit, which leads to:
- a better cycle of birth and death(Pali: vattagamini-kusala)
- progress towards release from suffering (Pali: vivattagamini-kusala).[6]
- a better
These offerings often act as preparation for meditation.[7]
In some traditions, two different types of offerings are identified:
- material or hospitality offerings (Pali: amisa-puja[8] or sakkara-puja[9])[10]
- practice offerings (Pali: patipatti-puja[11])
Material offering
Material offerings are considered external offerings of "words and deeds."
Material offerings might be imbued with the following symbology:
- the lighting of a candle or an oil lamp represents the light of wisdom illuminating the darkness of ignorance.
- the burning of incense represents the fragrant scent of morality.
- flowers represents the aspiration to achieve the body of the Buddha with the impermanence. Alternately, a Zen verse expresses the desire for the mind's "flowers" to "bloom in the springtime of enlightenment."[13]
- food, fruit, water, drinks represents the nectar of Dharma and the wish to achieve it.
Traditional chants in Pali, when offering lit candles (padīpa pūjā) and incense (sugandha pūjā) to an image of the Buddha are:
Ghanasārappadittena Dīpena tama-dhaṃsinā |
With lights brightly shining three worlds .With perfumed incense And fragrant smoke I worship the Exalted One, Who is great and worthy of worship.[15] |
Similarly, a traditional Pali incense-lighting verse speaks of the Buddha's "fragrant body and fragrant face, fragrant with infinite virtues."[16]
By contemplating on an offering, one tangibly sees life's impermanence (Pali:
Pujemi Buddham kusumenanena Puññenametena ca hotu mokkham |
I worship the Buddha with these flowers; |
In
- water (representing hospitality, to wash the face and feet)
- scarves (Tib. kha-btags, offering friendship)
- flowers, incense, lamps, perfume and food (representing one's devoting all their senses to their spiritual practice).[16]
Non-material offerings
Practice offerings may be manifested by practicing:
In the
"But Ananda, whatever bhikkhu or bhikkhuni, layman or laywoman, abides by the Dhamma, lives uprightly in the Dhamma, walks in the way of the Dhamma, it is by such a one that the Tathagata is respected, venerated, esteemed, worshipped, and honored in the highest degree." (Taken from
See also
- Buddhānussati
- Sacca-kiriya
- Learning the Buddha Dhamma
- Dana (Buddhism)
- Ethical Conduct (Buddhism)
- Spiritual Cultivation (Buddhism)
- Contemplation (Buddhism)
- Meditation (Buddhism)
- Chanting (Buddhism)
- Devotion (Buddhism)
- Householder (Buddhism)
Notes
- ^ See, for instance, Harvey (1990), pp. 172-3.
- ^ Indaratana (2002), pp. iv, v; Kapleau (1989), p. 193; Khantipalo (1982); Lee & Thanissaro (1998).
- ^ Indaratana (2002), pp. 11-12.
- ^ See, for instance, Indaratana (2002), pp. 11-12. Harvey (1990), p. 173, and Kariyawasam (1995), chapter 1, both maintain that flowers are the most common form of offering.
- ^ Kapleau (1989), p. 193; Khantipalo (1982); and, Harvey (1990), p. 175, particularly in regards to Northern Buddhism.
- ^ Lee & Thanissaro (1998). See also Harvey (1990), p. 173, who in discussing "offerings" states: "Such acts consequently generate 'merit'."
- ^ See, for instance, Indaratana (2002), p. v; Kapleau (1989), pp. 191ff.; and Khantipalo (1982).
- ^ a b c Lee & Thanissaro (1998).
- ^ Khantipalo (1982).
- bhikkhus.
- ^ Khantipalo (1982); Lee & Thanissaro (1998).
- ^ See, for instance, Lee & Thanissaro (1998).
- ^ Harvey (1990), p. 173.
- ^ a b Indaratana (2002), p. 12.
- ^ Indaratana (2002), p. 11. See also Harvey (1990), p. 175, who translates the light-offering verse in part as describing the Buddha as "the lamp of the three worlds, dispeller of darkness."
- ^ a b Harvey (1990), p. 175.
- ^ Indaratana (2002), p. 11. Similarly, see Harvey (1990), p. 173; and, Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 1, sect. 2, "Personal Worship."
- ^ Khantipalo (1982); and, Nyanaponika (2000), pp. 298-299. On the other hand, Lee & Thanissaro (1998) identify only meditation as patipatti-puja.
- ^ Kantipalo (1982), n. 1.
- ^ "Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha".
Bibliography
- Harvey, Peter (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
- Indaratana Maha Thera, Elgiriye (2002). Vandana: The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns. Penang, Malaysia:Mahindarama Dhamma Publication. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "BuddhaNet" at [1]
- Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-23 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html#ch3.
- ISBN 0-385-26104-7.
- Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982). Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (transcribed 1995) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
- Lee Dhammadharo, Ajaan & Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). Visakha Puja. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/lee/visakha.html.
- ISBN 1-928706-03-7.
- Soni, R.L. & Bhikkhu Khantipalo (2006). Life's Highest Blessings: The Maha Mangala Sutta. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/soni/wheel254.htm[permanent dead link].
External links
- About the Buddha-altar Soto Zen home altar with offerings.
- The Consecration Ritual
- Virtual Puja at Emerald Buddha Temple-วัดพระแก้ว