Oghuz Turks

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Oghuz Turk
)
This article is about a group of Turkic people. For other uses, see Oghuz (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Toquz Oghuz, a pre-Uyghur tribal confederation.

Oghuz Turks
Rayy, Iran. Philadelphia Museum of Art.[1]
Regions with significant populations
Before 11th century: Turkestan
  • Historical:
    Twelver Shia
    )
Related ethnic groups
The Old World in 600 AD

The Oghuz Turks (

romanized: Türkmen or Türkmân) by 13th century.[5]

The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the

Turgai and Emba north of Lake Balkhash in modern-day Kazakhstan.[6]

They converted to

Byzantine imperial forces (1065).[9] Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the 1000s onwards, and as far as Spain and Morocco.[7]

Oghuz Yabgu State in Turkestan, 750–1055

In the late 13th century after the fall of the Seljuks, the

Khwarazmians, Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu
,
Afshar respectively.[14]

Name and language

The name Oghuz is a

Tengrist or Buddhist religion; and by the 12th century this term was adopted into Byzantine usage, as the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim.[15] The name "Oghuz" fell out of use by 13th century.[5]

Linguistically, the Oghuz belong to the

Proto-Turkic gutturals in suffix anlaut, loss of /ɣ/ except after /a/, /g/ becoming either /j/ or lost, voicing of /t/ to /d/ and of /k/ to /g/, and */ð/ becomes /j/.[16]

Their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that of all the Turkic languages, that of the Oghuz was the simplest. He also observed that long separation had led to clear differences between the western Oghuz and Kipchak language and that of the eastern Turks.[17]

Origins

Main article:
Origin of the Turks

According to historians and linguists, the

Uralic and Yeniseian peoples, and others.[23][24][25]

In early times, they practiced a

Tengrist religion, erecting many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths and holding elaborate hunting and banqueting rituals.[26]

Basic forms of nomadic state from Xiongnu to Mongol

During the 2nd century BC, according to ancient

Rashid-al-Din in the early 14th century.[29]

Irtysh River, near Lake Zaysan.[30] Golden suggests that these might be Chinese renditions of *Ogur ~ *Oguz, yet uncertainty remains.[31] According to one theory, Hūjiē is just another transliteration of Yuezhi and may refer to the Turkic Uyghurs; however, this is controversial and has few scholarly adherents.[32]

Yury Zuev (1960) links the Oghuz to the Western Turkic tribe 姑蘇 Gūsū < (MC *kuo-suo) in the 8th-century encyclopaedia Tongdian[33] (or erroneously Shǐsū 始蘇 in the 11th century Zizhi Tongjian[34]). Zuev also noted a parallel between two passages:

  • one from the 8th-century Taibo Yinjing (太白陰經) "Venus's Secret Classic" by Li Quan (李筌) which mentioned the 三窟 ~ 三屈 "Three Qu" (< MC *k(h)ɨut̚) after the 十箭 Shí Jiàn "Ten Arrows" (OTrk 𐰆𐰣:𐰸 On Oq) and Jĭu Xìng "Nine Surnames" (OTrk 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔 Toquz Oğuz);[35] and
  • another from al-Maṣudi's Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, which mentioned the three hordes of the Turkic Ġuz[36]

Based on those sources, Zuev proposes that in the 8th century the Oghuzes were located outsides of the Ten Arrows' jurisdiction, west of the

Talas river's basin and seemingly around the Syr Darya basin, and near the Chumul, Karluks, Qays, Quns, Śari, etc. who were mentioned by al-Maṣudi and Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi.[37]

Artuqid dynasty, Mardin
, dated AH 611 (1214-5 CE)

According to Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the Oghuz were nomads, but also had cultivated crops, and the economy was based on a semi-pastoralist lifestyle.[38]

Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos mentioned the Uzi and Mazari (Hungarians) as neighbours of the Pechenegs.[39]

By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) "Oghuz" was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate.[40] Within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes.[41] A number of subsequent tribal confederations bore the name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes. These include references to the simple Oguz, Üch-Oghuz ("three Oghuz"), Altï Oghuz ("six Oghuz"), possibly the Otuz Oghuz ("thirty Oghuz"), Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight Oghuz"), and the Tokuz-Oghuz ("nine Oghuz"),[42] who originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. Golden (2011) states Transoxanian Oghuz Turks who founded the Oghuz Yabgu State were not the same tribal confederation as the Toquz Oghuz from whom emerged the founders of Uyghur Khaganate. Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct[43] and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned: "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"[44] Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks' and Uyghurs' inscriptions, where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without a prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes.[45]

Noting that the mid-8th-century Tariat inscriptions, in Uyghur khagan Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the rebellious Igdir tribe who had revolted against him, Klyashtorny considers this as one piece of "direct evidence in favour of the existence of kindred relations between the Tokuz Oguzs of Mongolia, The Guzs of the Aral region, and modern Turkmens", besides the facts that Kashgari mentioned the Igdir as the 14th of 22 Oghuz tribes;[46] and that Igdirs constitute part of the Turkmen tribe Chowdur.[47] The Shine Usu inscription, also in Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the Nine-Oghuzes as "[his] people" and that he defeated the Eight-Oghuzes and their allies, the Nine Tatars, three times in 749.;[48] according to Klyashtorny[49] and Czeglédy,[50] eight tribes of the Nine-Oghuzes revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe and renamed themselves Eight-Oghuzes.

Karluk Turks
and to their west were the Oghuz. Transoxiana, their main homeland in subsequent centuries became known as the "Oghuz Steppe".

During the period of the

Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in the works of Islamic writers. The Book of Dede Korkut, a historical epic of the Oghuz, contains historical echoes of the 9th and 10th centuries but was likely written several centuries later.[51]

Physical appearance

Head of male Seljuk royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran.

Rûm are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam."[55]

Social units

Prokudin-Gorskii
Balikesir Province

The militarism that the Oghuz empires were very well known for was rooted in their centuries-long nomadic lifestyle. In general, they were a herding society which possessed certain military advantages that sedentary societies did not have, particularly mobility. Alliances by marriage and kinship, and systems of "social distance" based on family relationships were the connective tissues of their society.

In Oghuz traditions, "society was simply the result of the growth of individual families". But such a society also grew by alliances and the expansion of different groups, normally through marriages. The shelter of the Oghuz tribes was a tent-like dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or hand-woven textiles, which is called a yurt.

Their cuisine included

chorek (ring-shaped buns), bread, clotted cream, cheese, yogurt, milk and ayran
(diluted yogurt beverage), as well as wine.

Social order was maintained by emphasizing "correctness in conduct as well as ritual and ceremony". Ceremonies brought together the scattered members of the society to celebrate birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Such ceremonies had the effect of minimizing social dangers and also of adjusting persons to each other under controlled emotional conditions.

Patrilineally
related men and their families were regarded as a group with rights over a particular territory and were distinguished from neighbours on a territorial basis. Marriages were often arranged among territorial groups so that neighbouring groups could become related, but this was the only organizing principle that extended territorial unity. Each community of the Oghuz Turks was thought of as part of a larger society composed of distant as well as close relatives. This signified "tribal allegiance". Wealth and materialistic objects were not commonly emphasized in Oghuz society and most remained herders, and when settled they would be active in agriculture.

Status within the family was based on age, gender, relationships by blood, or marriageability. Males, as well as females, were active in society, yet men were the backbones of leadership and organization. According to the Book of Dede Korkut, which demonstrates the culture of the Oghuz Turks, women were "expert horse riders, archers, and athletes". The elders were respected as repositories of both "secular and spiritual wisdom".

Homeland in Central Asia

Physical map of Central Asia from the Caucasus in the northwest, to Mongolia in the northeast.

In the 700s, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas and the northwest part of Transoxania, along the Syr Darya river. They had moved westward from the Altay mountains passing through the

Old Turkic alphabet.[56]

In his accredited 11th-century treatise titled Diwan Lughat al-Turk,

Tengriism
belief system. The Arab historians mentioned that the Oghuz Turks were ruled by a number of kings and chieftains.

It was in this area that they later founded the Seljuk Empire, and it was from this area that they spread west into western Asia and eastern Europe during Turkic migrations from the 9th until the 12th century. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks.

Poetry and literature

A copy of Book of Dede Korkut in Dresden, Germany.
See also:
Fuzûlî, Pir Sultan Abdal, Imadaddin Nasimi, and Magtymguly Pyragy

Oghuz Turkish literature includes the famous

Köroğlu epics which are part of the literary history of Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey and Turkmens. The modern and classical literature of Azerbaijan, Turkey and Turkmenistan
are also considered Oghuz literature since it was produced by their descendants.

The Book of Dede Korkut is a valuable collection of epics and stories, bearing witness to the language, the way of life, religions, traditions, and social norms of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran (West Azerbaijan, Golestan) and parts of Central Asia including Turkmenistan.

Oghuz and Yörüks

Taurus mountains
, 19th century
Yörük shepherd in the Taurus Mountains.
Main article: Yörüks

Yörüks are an Oghuz ethnic group, some of whom are still semi-nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly Balkan peninsula.[58][59] Their name derives from the verb from Chagatai language, yörü- "yörümek" (to walk), but Western Turkic yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with the word Yörük or Yürük designating "those who walk, walkers".[60][61][62]

The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of

Dobrudja.[citation needed] An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailars or Kayılar Turks were amongst the first Turkish colonists in Europe,[63] (Kailar or Kayılar being the Turkish name for the Greek town of Ptolemaida which took its current name in 1928)[64] formerly inhabiting parts of the Greek regions of Thessaly and Macedonia. Settled Yörüks could be found until 1923, especially near and in the town of Kozani
.

List of Oghuz dynasties

Traditional tribal organization

Malik Shah I

Mahmud al-Kashgari listed 22 Oghuz tribes in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Kashgari further wrote that "In origin they are 24 tribes, but the two Khalajiyya tribes are distinguished from them [the twenty-two] in certain respects[b] and so are not counted among them. This is the origin".[65][66]

Later, Charuklug from Kashgari's list would be omitted.

Rashid-al-Din and Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur added three more: Kïzïk, Karkïn, and Yaparlï, to the list in Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) and Shajare-i Türk (Genealogy of the Turks), respectively.[67] According to Selçukname, Oghuz Khagan had 6 children (Sun – Gün, Moon – Ay, Star – Yıldız, Sky – Gök, Mountain – Dağ, Sea – Diŋiz), and all six would become Khans themselves, each leading four tribes.[68]

Bozoks (Gray Arrows)

Gün Han
Ay Han
Yıldız Han
  • Zengids
    )
  • Qiziq
  • Khwarazmian dynasty
    )
  • Kargın

Üçoks (Three Arrows)

Gök Han
Dağ Han
Diŋiz Han
Tribe name
Middle Turkic[72]
 Turkish language
(Turkey) 		Azerbaijani language
(Azerbaijan) 		Turkmen language
(Turkmenistan) 		Meaning Ongon
Tamgha
Kayı (tribe) Kayığ (قَيِغْ) Kayı Qayı Gaýy strong Gyrfalcon
(sungur)
Bayat (tribe) Bayat (بَياتْ) Bayat Bayat Baýat rich Eurasian eagle-owl
(puhu)
Alkaevli (tribe) Alkabölük (اَلْقابُلُكْ) Alkaevli Ağevli Agöýli white housed Common kestrel
(küyenek)
Karaevli (tribe) Karabölük (قَرَبُلُكْ) Karaevli Qaraevli Garaöýli black housed Lesser kestrel
(küyenek sarı)
Yazır (tribe) Yazgır (ىَزْغِرْ) Yazır Yazır Ýazyr spread
Merlin

(turumtay)
Döğer Tüger (تُوكَرْ) / (ثُكَرْ) Döğer Döğər Tüwer gatherer ?
(küçügen)
Dodurga Tutırka (تُوتِرْقا) Dodurga Dodurqa Dodurga country gainer ?
(kızıl karcığay)
Yaparlı (tribe) Yaparlı Yaparlı Ýaparly nice-smelling ?
Afshar (tribe)
 Afşar (اَفْشارْ) Avşar, Afşar Əfşar Owşar obedient, agile Bonelli's eagle
(cura laçın)
Qiziq
 Kızık Qızıq Gyzyk forbidden Northern goshawk
(çakır)
Beğdili Begtili (بَكْتِلى) Beğdili Bəydili Begdili reputable Great crested grebe
(bahri)
Karkın (tribe) Karkın, Kargın Karqın Garkyn black leather Northern goshawk
(çakır)
Bayandur
 Bayundur (بايُنْدُرْ) Bayındır Bayandur Baýyndyr wealthy soil Peregrine falcon
(laçın)
Pecheneg
 Beçenek (بَجَنَكْ) Peçenek Peçeneq Beçene one who makes
Eurasian Magpie

(ala toğunak)
Chowdur Çuvaldar (جُوَلْدَرْ) Çavuldur Çavuldur Çowdur famous ?
(buğdayınık)
Chepni (tribe) Çepni (جَبْني) Çepni Çəpni Çepni one who attacks the enemy Huma bird
(humay)
Salur (tribe) Salgur (سَلْغُرْ) Salur Salur Salyr sword swinger Golden eagle
(bürgüt)
Ayrums Eymür (اَيْمُرْ) Eymür Eymur Eýmir being good Eurasian hobby
(isperi)
Ulayuntluğ (tribe) Ulayundluğ (اُوﻻيُنْدْلُغْ) Ulayundluğ Alayuntluq Alaýöntli with a pied horse Red-footed falcon
(yağalbay)
Yüreğir (tribe) Üregir (اُرَكِرْ)
Yüregir (يُرَكِرْ) 		Yüreğir, Üreğir Yürəgir Üregir order finder ?
biku
İğdir (tribe) İgdir (اِكْدِرْ) İğdir Iğdır Igdir being good Northern goshawk
(karcığay)
Büğdüz (tribe) Bügdüz (بُكْدُزْ) Büğdüz Bügdüz Bügdüz modest Saker falcon
(itelgi)
Yıva
 Iwa (اِڤـا)
Yıwa (يِڤـا) 		Yıva Yıva Ywa high ranked Northern goshawk
(tuygun)
Kınık (tribe)
 Kınık (قِنِقْ) Kınık Qınıq Gynyk saint Northern goshawk
(cura karcığay)

List of Oghuz ethnic groups

Other Oghuz sub-ethnic groups and tribes

Anatolia and Caucasus

Anatolia
Caucasus
Cyprus
  • Cypriot Turks

Balkans

Main article: Turks in the Balkans

Central Asia

Main article:
Turks in Iran

Arab world

Main articles: Turks in the Arab world and Kouloughlis

See also

Notes

  1. Middle Turkic speaker.[53] However, this mixed Turkic-Persian etymology is now considered incorrect; instead, Türkmen is now etymologized as from ethnonym Türk plus strengthening suffix -men, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'".[54]
  2. ^ Ar.: infaradatā ˤanhā bi-baˤḍ- al-aśyāˀ; alternative translation "separated from them with some of the belongings"

References

  1. ^ Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3. The ruler is usually identified as Sultan Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril III.
  2. ^ a b c Barthold (1962)""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples – Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks – are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."
  3. ^ The modern Turkish, Turkmen and Azerbaijani languages are all Oghuz languages.
  4. Alexander P. Kazhdan
    , ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
  5. ^ a b Lewis, G. The Book of Dede Korkut. Penguin Books, 1974, p. 10.
  6. ^ Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 148.
  7. ^
    Gökturks
    from whom they... ...like some Pechenegs and Torks, settled along Russia's steppe frontier after being forced out... Here an almost feudal 'Black Hat' principality grew up with its own military aristocracy being accepted by the Russian elite on equal terms...
  8. ^ Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 186.
  9. ^ Hupchick, D. The Balkans. Palgrave, 2002, p. 62.
  10. ^ Lewis, p. 9.
  11. ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel, (2003), Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, p. 217
  12. ^ "Monument "Oghuz Khan and Sons"". Arara Central Asia. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  13. ^ Colin Imber, (2002), The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, p. 95
  14. ^ Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur; "The Genealogy of the Turkmens" (in Russian). Паровая тип. К.М. Федорова. 1897. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  15. Alexander P. Kazhdan
    , ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
  16. ^ Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples (1992). p. 21-22
  17. ^ D. T. Potts, (2014), Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, p. 177
  18. ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."
  19. ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0
    .
  20. ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"
  21. ^ Lee & Kuang 2017: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."
  22. ^ Uchiyama et al. 2020:"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."
  23. ^ Findley 2005, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks’ ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants’ genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."
  24. S2CID 166026934
    ."Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations’.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."
  25. ^ Lee & Kuang 2017: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"
  26. ISBN 978-0-85045-996-8
    .
  27. ^ Bichurin, N. Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, pp. 56–57
  28. ^ Taskin V. S., transl., "Materials on history of Sünnu", 1968, vol. 1, p. 129
  29. ^ a b Bınbaş, İlker Evrım (2010). "Oguz Khan Narratives". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  30. Shiji
    , c. 90 BC: 110.
  31. ^ Golden, Peter B., “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”, Turkic Languages, 16/2 (2012), pp. 155–199
  32. ^ Torday, L., Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History. The Durham Academic Press, 1997, pp. 220–221.
  33. ^ Du You et al. Tongdian, vol. 199
  34. ^ Sima Guang et al. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 199
  35. ^ Li Quan, Taibo Yinjing "Vol. 1-3", Zhejiang University Library Copy. p. 99 of 102 or Shoushange congshu 守山閣叢書 version p. 51 of 222
  36. ^ Al-Masudi Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems vol. 1 p. 238-239. translated by Aloys Spreger
  37. ^ Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 126, 133–134 (in Russian)
  38. OCLC 1111434007
    .
  39. ^ Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. De Administrando Imperio. Chapter 37. ... iisque conterminos fuisse populos illos qui Mazari atque Uzi cognominantur ...
  40. ^ Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar (2007). TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi (PDF) (in Turkish). Vol. 33. pp. 325–330.
  41. ^ "Oguz". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  42. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1972) "The Migrations of the Oğuz" "The Migrations of the Oğuz"] in Archivum Ottomanicum 4, p. 48
  43. ^ Golden, Peter B. The Turkic Word of Mahmud al-Kashgari, p. 507-511
  44. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 198
  45. ^ Golden (1992) p. 206-207
  46. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part I p. 101-102
  47. ^ Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997) "The Oguzs of the Central Asia and The Guzs of the Aral Region" in International Journal of Eurasian Studies 2
  48. ^ "Moghon Shine Usu Inscription" text at Türik Bitig
  49. ^ Klyashtorny, S.G. (1997)
  50. ^ cited in Kamalov, A. (2003) "The Moghon Shine Usu Insription as the Earliest Uighur Historical Annals", Central Asiatic Journal. 47 (1). p. 83 of p. 77-90
  51. ISBN 0-8179-9182-4
  52. ^ Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 207-208 of 197–239
  53. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part II. p. 363
  54. ISBN 9789231038761
    .,Golden, Peter (1992). An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Harrassowitz. pp. 212–213.
  55. ^ Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 208 of 197–239
  56. ^ C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994–1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 216.
  57. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I", p. 270, 329, 333, 352, 353, 362
  58. ^ N. K. Singh, A. M. Khan, Encyclopaedia of the world Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Vol.4, Delhi 2001, p.1542
  59. ^ Grolier Incorporated, Academic American Encyclopedia, vol.20, 1989, p.34
  60. ^ Sir Gerard Clauson, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford 1972, p.972
  61. ^ Turkish Language Association – TDK Online Dictionary. Yorouk Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, yorouk Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
  62. ^ "yuruk". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002.
  63. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Macedonia § Races" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
  64. ^ Ptolemaida.net – History of Ptolemaida web page Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I". p. 101-102, 362–363
  66. ^ Minorsky, V. "Commentary on Hudud al-'Alam's "§24. Khorasian Marches" pp. 347–348
  67. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2015). "The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgharî" in Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. 7. p. 513-516
  68. ^ "YEREL BILGILER" (PDF). Kizilagil.de. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  69. ^ "Some Ottoman genealogies claim, perhaps fancifully, descent from Kayı.", Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, pp. 50, 2005, Oxford University Press
  70. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  71. ^ Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. Türk Milli Kültürü. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1977. page 134
  72. ^ Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk, translation Besim Atalay, Turkish Language Association press:521, Ankara 1941, book: 1, page: 55-58
  73. ^ "YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları" (PDF). p. 224.
  74. ^ "Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not" (PDF).
  75. ^ "Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ" (PDF).
  76. ^ Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021). "CİHAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI". Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları. 127 (250): 11–36.
  77. ^ "BİZANS'IN ANADOLU'YA YERLEŞTİRDİĞİ SON TÜRKLER". Archived from the original on 1 June 2022.
  78. ^ Yılmaz, Adil. "Geyikdere Köyü Mezarlığında Bulunan Orta Asya Tipindeki bir Taş Heykel".
  79. ^ "Manav Türkleri/Kırımın Gazetesi". 7 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023.

Sources

Further reading

  • Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes, 1991, Rutgers University Press
  • Nicole, D., Attila and the Huns, 1990, Osprey Publishing
  • Lewis, G., The Book of Dede Korkut, "Introduction", 1974, Penguin Books
  • Minahan, James B. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Press, 2000. page 692
  • Aydın, Mehmet. Bayat-Bayat boyu ve Oğuzların tarihi. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, 1984. web page

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oghuz Turks.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oghuz_Turks&oldid=1219438008"