Ohio

Ohio
State
State of Ohio
Map of the United States with Ohio highlighted
Country	United States
EDT)
USPS abbreviation	OH[13]
ISO 3166 code	US-OH
Traditional abbreviation	O., Oh.
Latitude	38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
Longitude	80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
Website	ohio.gov

State symbols of Ohio

Released in 2002
Lists of United States state symbols

Ohio, officially the State of Ohio (

Ohio takes its name from the Ohio River, which, in turn, originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".^[14][15] The state arose from the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains that were contested from colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting Northwest Territory, which was the first frontier of the new United States, becoming the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.^[4][16] Ohio was the first post-colonial free state admitted to the union and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although it has transitioned to a more information- and service-based economy in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019^[update],^[17] with the third-largest manufacturing sector and second-largest automobile production.^[18]

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the

Indigenous settlement

Artists conception of the Fort Ancient SunWatch Indian Village in Dayton

.

Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.^[24] They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.^[25] The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian culture rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.^[26]

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the

Iroquois conquests during the Beaver Wars (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-Ohio River

valley.

During the 18th century, the

By the start of the American Revolutionary War, the movement of Natives and Americans between the Ohio Country and Thirteen Colonies had resulted in tension. Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania had become the main fort where expeditions into Ohio started. Intrusions into the area included General Edward Hand's 1778 movement of 500 Pennsylvania militiamen from Fort Pitt towards Mingo towns on the Cuyahoga River, where the British stored military supplies which they distributed to Indian raiding parties;^[40] Colonel Daniel Brodhead's invasion in 1780 and destruction of the Lenape Indian capital of Coshocton;^[41] a detachment of one hundred of George Rogers Clark's troops that were ambushed near the Ohio River by Indians led by Joseph Brant in the same year; a British and Native American attack on the U.S.' Fort Laurens;^[42] and the 1782 detainment and murder of 96 Moravian Lenape pacifists by Pennsylvania militiamen in the Gnadenhutten massacre.^[43][44]

The western theatre never had a decisive victor. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio Country to the new United States after its victory in the American Revolutionary War.^[45][46]

Northwest Territory

The Ohio Country

indicating battle sites between American settlers and indigenous tribes, 1775–1794.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the

Rufus Putnam

by James Sharples, Jr., 1797

Rufus Putnam served in important military capacities in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.^[49]

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the Continental Army to drive the British from Boston. George Washington was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and Manasseh Cutler were instrumental in creating the Northwest Ordinance, which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. Putnam organized and led the Ohio Company of Associates, who settled at Marietta, Ohio, where they built a large fort called Campus Martius.^[50][51][52] He set substantial amounts of land aside for schools. In 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now Marietta College). In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to the settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.^[53][54][55]

Statehood and early years

On February 19, 1803, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.^[56] However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.^[57] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.^[57][58][59]

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.

Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell

.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. Starting around 1809, the Shawnee pressed resistance to encroachment again. Under Chief Tecumseh, Tecumseh's War officially began in Ohio in 1811. When the War of 1812 began, the British decided to attack from Upper Canada into Ohio and merge their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Most of the Shawnee, excluding the Pekowi in Southwest Ohio, were forcibly relocated west.^[60] Ohio played a key role in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in Lake Erie. On September 10, 1813, the Battle of Lake Erie, one of the major battles, took place near Put-in-Bay, Ohio. The British eventually surrendered to Oliver Hazard Perry.

Ultimately, after the United States government used the

In 1835, Ohio fought with the Michigan Territory in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the territory.

Civil War and industrialization

The route of Morgan's Raid

.

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil War. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the Battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.^[63] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.^[64] From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in Morgan's Raid, starting in Harrison in the west and culminating in the Battle of Salineville near West Point in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.^[65] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.^[66] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan – were all from Ohio.^[67]

The first Standard Oil refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman John D. Rockefeller

.

20th century

The state legislature officially adopted the

The National Football League was originally founded in Canton, Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.^[72] It included Ohio League teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), although none of these teams still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the Dayton Triangles beat the Columbus Panhandles 14-0 in Dayton.^[73] Canton would later be enshrined as the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963.^[74]

Iron being converted to steel for wartime efforts at Youngstown's Republic Steel

in 1941.

Ohio's economy has undergone significant change in the 21st century, as the trend of deindustrialization has greatly impacted the American Midwest and the Rust Belt. Manufacturing in the Midwest experienced a stark decline during the early 21st century,^[81] a trend which greatly impacted Ohio. From 1990 to 2019, Ohio lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs, but added over 1,000,000 non-manufacturing jobs during that same time.^[81] Coinciding with this decline, Ohio has seen a large decline in union membership: 17.4% of Ohioan workers were union members in 2000, while 12.8% were union members in 2022.^[82]

In the wake of these economic changes, Ohio's state government has looked to promoting new industries to offset manufacturing losses, such as the production of solar energy and electric vehicles.^[83] One major program launched by the state's government was the "Third Frontier" program, created during the governorship of Bob Taft, which aims to increase investment in Ohio, and boost the state's technology sector.^[84] As of 2010, the Ohio Department of Development attributes the creation of 9,500 jobs to this program, with an average of salary of $65,000,^[85] while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with a return on investment of 9:1.^[85] In 2010 the state won the International Economic Development Council's Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.^[86]

Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including

Ohio's economy was also heavily afflicted by the Great Recession, as the state's unemployment rate rose from 5.6% in the first two months of 2008 up to a peak of 11.1% in December 2009 and January 2010.^[90] It took until August 2014 for the unemployment rate to return to 5.6%.^[90] From December 2007 to September 2010, Ohio lost 376,500 jobs.^[91] In 2009, Ohio had 89,053 foreclosures filings, a then-record for the state.^[92] The median household income dropped 7% from 2006-2007 to 2008-200, and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.^[93]

In 2015, Ohio

Politically, Ohio has been long regarded as a swing state,^[95] however, the success of many Republican Party candidates in Ohio since the late 2000s has led many to question whether Ohio remains an electoral battleground.^[95][96][97]

On March 9, 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic was confirmed to reach Ohio, with three cases being reported.^[98] As of February 2023, over 41,600 Ohioans have died from Covid-19.^[98][99] Ohio's economy was also heavily impacted by the pandemic, as the state saw large job losses in 2020, as well as large amounts of subsequent stimulus spending.^[100]

Geography

Geographic regions of Ohio.

Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.[101] To the north, Ohio has 312 miles (502 km) of coastline with Lake Erie,^[102] which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".^[104] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.^[105] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)^[106]

Map of Ohio cities and rivers.

Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major floodplain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.^[107]

Köppen climate types of Ohio, using 1991-2020 climate normals

.

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.^[110] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899,^[111] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.^[112]

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.^[113] The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone are located in the state, and numerous faults lie under the surface.^[113][114]

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:[117] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;^[118] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;^[119] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.^[120][121]

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northwest of Youngstown,^[122] and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Eastlake under Lake Erie;^[123] both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

Major cities

Largest cities or towns in Ohio Source: 2020 U.S. Census[124]
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Cleveland	1	Columbus	Franklin	905,748	11	Youngstown	Mahoning	60,068	Toledo
	2	Cleveland	Cuyahoga	372,624	12	Springfield	Clark	58,662
	3	Cincinnati	Hamilton	309,317	13	Kettering	Montgomery	57,862
	4	Toledo	Lucas	270,871	14	Elyria	Lorain	52,656
	5	Akron	Summit	190,469	15	Cuyahoga Falls	Summit	51,114
	6	Dayton	Montgomery	137,644	16	Middletown	Butler	50,987
	7	Parma	Cuyahoga	81,146	17	Lakewood	Cuyahoga	50,942
	8	Canton	Stark	70,872	18	Newark	Licking	49,934
	9	Lorain	Lorain	65,211	19	Euclid	Cuyahoga	49,692
	10	Hamilton	Butler	62,082	20	Dublin	Franklin	49,328

Ohio's three largest cities are

Located in Northeast Ohio along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its New England heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, of which the cities of Akron and Canton are constituent parts. Mansfield and Youngstown are also major cities in the region. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Timken, top-ranked colleges Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kent State University, the Cleveland Clinic, and cultural attractions including the Cleveland Museum of Art, Big Five member Cleveland Orchestra, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Playhouse Square, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:

• Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (Lawrence County)
• Wheeling, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (Belmont County)

Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of

Demographics

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the

Population growth by county in Ohio between the 2010 and 2020 censuses.

  -10 to -5 percent

  -5 to -2 percent

  -2 to 0 percent

  0 to 2 percent

  2 to 5 percent

  5 to 10 percent

  10 to 20 percent

   More than 20 percent

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.[134] 6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 10,654 homeless people in Ohio.^{[135] [136]}

Birth data

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Ancestry

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.^[12] The largest groups were:^[150] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

Map of counties in Ohio by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

Non-Hispanic White   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80–90%   90%+

Ancestry groups (which the census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:[12]^[151]

• 26.5%
  German
• 14.1%
  Irish
• 9.0%
  English
• 6.4%
  Italian
• 3.8%
  Polish
• 2.5%
  French
• 1.9%
  Scottish
• 1.7% Hungarian
• 1.6%
  Dutch
• 1.5%
  Mexican
• 1.2%
  Slovak
• 1.1%
  Welsh
• 1.1%
  Scotch-Irish

Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include

Ohio population density map.

Amish

children on their way to school

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.^[155] With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the second largest Amish population of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring Pennsylvania.^[156]

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".^[154] 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.^[154]

Economy

Cincinnati's Procter & Gamble

is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.[162] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.^[163] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.^[164] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.^[165] Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News & World Report's 2010 rankings,^[166] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.^[167]

Ohio's

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,[179] the Ohio Lottery.^[180] As of 2020^[update], the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.^[181]

Transportation

Map of Ohio showing Interurban Railways c. 1907

Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

Ohio is home to 228 miles (367 km) of the historic

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the

Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.^[182]

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the

) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

Rail

v t e Ohio passenger rail
Legend
Capitol Limited to Chicago Lake Shore Limited to Chicago Bryan Cardinal to Chicago Toledo Cincinnati Sandusky Cardinal to New York City Elyria Cleveland Alliance Lake Shore Limited to New York City, Capitol Limited to Washington Boston

Ohio has an extensive rail network, though today most lines carry only freight traffic. Three

Amtrak, the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Ohio. The Lake Shore Limited serves Cleveland, Elyria, Toledo, Sandusky, and Bryan. The Capitol Limited stops in those cities as well as in Alliance. The Cardinal serves Cincinnati Union Terminal. From Ohio, passengers can ride directly to Chicago, New York, Boston, Washington, D.C., Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and dozens of destinations in-between.

Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its Union Station was last served in 1979 by the National Limited.

Ohio is home to several scenic railways and museums, including the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad through Cuyahoga Valley National Park, the Age of Steam Roundhouse museum, and the Hocking Valley Scenic Railway near Hocking Hills State Park.

Transit

Cincinnati Connector streetcar

Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include

Law and government

Current governor Mike DeWine

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[183]^[184][185]

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the

The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, home to the Ohio General Assembly

.

In order to be enacted into law, a bill must be adopted by both houses of the General Assembly and signed by the Governor. If the Governor vetoes a bill, the General Assembly can override the veto with a three-fifths supermajority of both houses. A bill will also become a law if the Governor fails to sign or veto it within 10 days of its being presented. The session laws are published in the official Law of Ohio.^[194] These in turn have been codified in the Ohio Revised Code.^[195]

The General Assembly, with the approval of the Governor, draws the U.S. congressional district lines for Ohio's 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The Ohio Apportionment Board draws state legislative district lines in Ohio.

Judicial branch