Ohio River
The Ohio River is a 981-mile (1,579 km) long
The river became a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. The lower Ohio River just below Louisville was obstructed by rapids known as the
The name "Ohio" comes from the Seneca, Ohi:yo', lit. "Good River".[5] In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated: "The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth. Its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted."[6]
After the
The Ohio River is a climatic transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the
Etymology
The name "Ohio" comes from the Seneca language (an Iroquoian language), Ohi:yo' (roughly pronounced oh-hee-yoh, with the vowel in "hee" held longer), a proper name derived from ohiːyoːh ("good river"), therefore literally translating to "Good River".[5][7] "Great river" and "large creek" have also been given as translations.[8][9]
Native Americans, including the Lenape and Iroquois, considered the Ohio and Allegheny rivers as the same, as is suggested by a New York State road sign on Interstate 86 that refers to the Allegheny River also as Ohi:yo'.[10] Similarly, the Geographic Names Information System lists O-hee-yo and O-hi-o as variant names for the Allegheny.[11]
An earlier Miami-Illinois language name was also applied to the Ohio River, Mosopeleacipi ("river of the Mosopelea" tribe). Shortened in the Shawnee language to pelewa thiipi, spelewathiipi or peleewa thiipiiki, the name evolved through variant forms such as "Polesipi", "Peleson", "Pele Sipi" and "Pere Sipi", and eventually stabilized to the variant spellings "Pelisipi", "Pelisippi" and "Pellissippi". Originally applied just to the Ohio River, the "Pelisipi" name later was variously applied back and forth between the Ohio River and the Clinch River in Virginia and Tennessee.[12][13] In his original draft of the Land Ordinance of 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a new state called "Pelisipia", to the south of the Ohio River, which would have included parts of present-day Eastern Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia.[12]
History
Precolumbian
The river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous prehistoric and historic civilizations formed along its valley.[14] For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation and trading route.[15]
In the five centuries before European colonization, the
European discovery
Several accounts exist of the discovery and traversal of the Ohio River by Europeans in the latter half of the 17th century: Virginian colonist
Exploration and settlement
Arnout Viele (1693)
In early autumn 1692, loyal English-speaking Dutchman Arnout Viele and a party of eleven companions from Esopus[23]—Europeans, Shawnee, and a few loyal Delaware guides—were sent by the governor of New York to trade with the Shawnee and bring them into the English sphere of influence.[24][25] Viele understood several Native American languages, which made him valuable as an interpreter. He is credited with being the first European to travel and explore western Pennsylvania and the upper Ohio Valley. Viele made contact with Native American nations as far west as the Wabash River, in present-day Indiana.[25]
He and his company left Albany, traveling southbound and crossing portions of present-day New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. They apparently followed the west branch of the Susquehanna River into the mountains, traversing the Tioga River and reaching a tributary of the Allegheny River before floating down to the Shawnee towns along the Ohio River.[25] Viele and his expedition spent most of 1693 exploring the Ohio River and its tributaries in northern Kentucky with their Shawnee hosts.[25] Gerit Luykasse, two of Viele's Dutch traders, and two Shawnee reappeared in Albany in February 1694 "to fetch powder for Arnout [Viele] and his Company";[25] their party had been gone for fifteen months, but Viele was away for about two years.[18] He and his companions returned from the Pennsylvania wilderness in August 1694, accompanied by diplomats from "seven Nations of Indians" who sought trade with the English (or peace with the powerful Iroquois nations of New York and Pennsylvania), and hundreds of Shawnee who intended to relocate in the Minisink country on the upper Delaware River.[24][25]
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1729)
In 1729,
I am indebted for the topographical details of the course of this River to M. de Lery, Engineer, who surveyed it with the compass at the time that he descended it with a detachment of French troops in 1729.
A map of the Ohio River valley, drawn by Bellin from observations by de Lery, is in Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix's History of New France.[32][33] The 1744 Bellin map, "Map of Louisiana" (French: Carte de La Louisiane), has an inscription at a point south of the Ohio River and north of the Falls: "Place where one found the ivory of Elephant in 1729" (French: endroit ou on à trouvé des os d'Elephant en 1729).[34][35] De Lery's men found teeth weighing ten pounds (4.5 kg) with a diameter of five to seven inches (130 to 180 mm), tusks 11 feet (3.4 m) long and 6–7 inches (150–180 mm) in diameter, and thigh bones 5 feet (1.5 m) long.[36] The bones were collected and shipped to Paris, where they were identified as mastodon remains; they are on display at the French National Natural History Museum.[26][29]
Charles III Le Moyne, Baron de Longueil (1739)
Among the officers who accompanied this party were Major de Lignery; Lieutenants, de Vassan, Aubert de Gaspe, Du Vivier, de Verrier, Le Gardeur de St. Pierre, Chevalier de Villiers, de Portneuf, de Sabrevious; Father Vernet, chaplain; Cadets, Joncaire de Closonne, Le Gai de Joncaire, Drouet de Richarville the younger, Chaussegros de Lery the younger, de Gannes, Chev. Benoist, de Morville, de Selles, and seventeen others. The rank and file consisted of three sergeants, six corporals, six lance corporals, twenty-four soldiers, forty-five habitants, one hundred and eighty-six Iroquois from the Sault, forty-one from the Lake of Two Mountains, thirty-two Algonquin and Nipissing, fifty Abenaqui from St. Francois and Bécancour, Quebec; Father La Bretonnier, Jesuit; Queret, missionary.[38]
One of the first reported eyewitness accounts of Shannoah, a Shawnee town, was by le Moyne III in July 1739. On their journey down the Ohio River toward the Mississippi, they met with local chiefs in a village on the Scioto River.
John Howard and John Peter Salling (1742)
John Howard, a pioneer from Virginia, led a party of five—John Peter Salling (a Pennsylvania German),[39] Josiah Howard (John's son), Charles Sinclair, and John Poteet (Vizt)—from the Virginia mountains to the Mississippi River.[40] The elder Howard had a promised reward of 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of land for a successful expedition from the Virginia Royal Governor's Council to reinforce British claims in the west. Howard offered equal shares of the 10,000 acres to the four other members of his expedition. The party of five left John Peter Salling's house in August County on March 16, 1742, and traveled west to Cedar Creek (near the Natural Bridge), crossing Greenbrier River and landing at the New River. At New River, the Virginia explorers built a large bull boat frame and covered it with five buffalo skins. The first Englishmen to explore the region then followed the New River for 250 miles (400 km), until it became too dangerous to navigate. At a large waterfall, they traveled overland to the Coal River. Following the Kanawha River, they entered the Ohio River 444 miles (715 km) above the falls. The Virginia pioneers traced the northern boundary of Kentucky for five hundred miles (800 km), reaching the Mississippi River on June 7.[41][42][43][44][45] They descended just below the mouth of the Arkansas River, where they were ambushed by a large company of Native Americans, Blacks and Frenchmen on July 2, 1742; one or two of Howard's men were killed.[46] The rest were brought to New Orleans and imprisoned as spies.[39] After two years in prison, Salling escaped on October 25, 1744, and returned on a southern route to his home in Augusta County, Virginia, in May 1745. John Howard was extradited to France to stand trial. His ship was intercepted by the English and, as a free man, he reported his adventures after landing in London; however, his account has been lost.[41][45] Salling's detailed account of Virginia's adjacent lands was used in Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson's 1751 map.[41][45]
In 1749, the
The 1768
The economic connection of the Ohio Country to the East was significantly increased in 1818 when the National Road being built westward from Cumberland, Maryland, reached Wheeling, Virginia, (now West Virginia), providing an easier overland connection from the Potomac River to the Ohio River.[49] The Wheeling Suspension Bridge was built over the river at Wheeling from 1847 to 1849, making the trip west easier. For a brief time, until 1851, it was the world's largest suspension bridge. The bridge survived the American Civil War, after having been improved in 1859. It was renovated again in 1872, and remains in use as the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in the U.S.
Nineteenth century
During the nineteenth century, emigrants from Virginia, North Carolina and Kentucky traveled by the river and settled along its northern bank. Known as butternuts, they formed the dominant culture in the southern portions of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois with a society that was primarily Southern in culture. Largely devoted to agricultural pursuits, they shipped much of their produce along the river to ports such as Cincinnati.[50]
Because the Ohio River flowed westward, it became a convenient means of westward movement by pioneers traveling from western Pennsylvania. After reaching the mouth of the Ohio, settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri. There, some continued on up the Missouri River, some up the Mississippi, and some farther west over land routes. In the early 19th century, river pirates such as Samuel Mason, operating out of Cave-In-Rock, Illinois, waylaid travelers on their way down the river. They killed travelers, stealing their goods and scuttling their boats. The folktales about Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of American settlement. The Ohio River boatmen inspired performer Dan Emmett, who in 1843 wrote the song "The Boatman's Dance".
Trading boats and ships traveled south on the Mississippi to New Orleans, and sometimes beyond to the Gulf of Mexico and other ports in the Americas and Europe. This provided a much-needed export route for goods from the west since the trek east over the Appalachian Mountains was long and arduous. The need for access to the port of New Orleans by settlers in the Ohio Valley is one of the factors that led to the United States' Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
Free states border
Because the river is the southern border of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, it was part of the border between
Before and during the Civil War, the Ohio River was called the "
State border dispute
The colonial charter for Virginia defined its territory as extending to the north shore of the Ohio, so that the riverbed was "owned" by Virginia. Where the river serves as a boundary between states today, Congress designated the entire river to belong to the states on the east and south, i.e., West Virginia and Kentucky at the time of admission to the Union, that were divided from Virginia. Thus Wheeling Island, the largest inhabited island in the Ohio River, belongs to West Virginia, although it is closer to the Ohio shore than to the West Virginia shore. Kentucky sued the state of Indiana in the early 1980s because of their construction of the never-completed Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant in Indiana, which would have discharged its waste water into the river. This would have adversely affected Kentucky's water supplies.
The
Bridge collapse
The Silver Bridge at
Conservation area
In the early 1980s, the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area was established at Clarksville, Indiana.
Ecology
The Ohio River as a whole is ranked as the most polluted river in the United States, based on 2009 and 2010 data. The more industrial and regional West Virginia/Pennsylvania tributary, the
For several decades beginning in the 1950s, the Ohio River was polluted with hundreds of thousands of pounds of
The Ohio was listed among
Economy
The Ohio River is extensively industrialized and populated. Regular barge traffic carries cargoes of oil,
Geography and hydrography
The combined Allegheny-Ohio river is 1,310 miles (2,110 km) long and carries the largest volume of water of any tributary of the Mississippi. The Indians and early European explorers and settlers of the region often considered the Allegheny to be part of the Ohio. The forks (the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at what is now Pittsburgh) were considered a strategic military location by colonial French and British, and later independent American military authorities.
The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at what is now Point State Park in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. From there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line (near East Liverpool, Ohio; Chester, West Virginia; and Ohioville, Pennsylvania). From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia.
The river follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of the remainder of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River at the city of Cairo, Illinois. Where the Ohio joins the Mississippi is the lowest elevation in the state of Illinois, at 315 feet (96 m).
The Mississippi River flows to the Gulf of Mexico on the Atlantic Ocean. Among rivers wholly or mostly in the United States, the Ohio is the second largest by discharge volume and the tenth longest and has the eighth largest drainage basin. It serves to separate the Midwestern Great Lakes states from the Upper South states, which were historically border states in the Civil War.
The Ohio River is a left (east) and the largest tributary by volume of the Mississippi River in the United States. At the confluence, the Ohio is considerably bigger than the Mississippi, measured by long-term mean discharge. The Ohio River at Cairo is 281,500 cu ft/s (7,960 m3/s);[1] and the Mississippi River at Thebes, Illinois, which is upstream of the confluence, is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,897 m3/s).[60] The Ohio River flow is greater than that of the Mississippi River, so hydrologically the Ohio River is the main stream of the river system.
River depth
The Ohio River is a naturally shallow river that was artificially deepened by a series of dams. The natural depth of the river varied from about 3 to 20 feet (1 to 6 m). The dams raise the water level and have turned the river largely into a series of reservoirs, eliminating shallow stretches and allowing for commercial navigation. From its origin to Cincinnati, the average depth is approximately 15 feet (5 m). The largest immediate drop in water level is below the McAlpine Locks and Dam at the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, Kentucky, where flood stage is reached when the water reaches 23 feet (7 m) on the lower gauge. However, the river's deepest point is 168 feet (51 m) on the western side of Louisville, Kentucky. From Louisville, the river loses depth very gradually until its confluence with the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, where it has an approximate depth of 19 feet (6 m).
Water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream to Pittsburgh are predicted daily by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ohio River Forecast Center.[61] The water depth predictions are relative to each local flood plain based upon predicted rainfall in the Ohio River basin in five reports as follows:
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Hannibal Locks and Dam, Ohio (including the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers)
- Willow Island Locks and Dam, Ohio, to Greenup Lock and Dam, Kentucky (including the Kanawha River)
- Portsmouth, Ohio, to Markland Locks and Dam, Kentucky
- McAlpine Locks and Dam, Kentucky, to Cannelton Locks and Dam, Indiana
- Newburgh Lock and Dam, Indiana, to Golconda, Illinois
The water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam to Cairo, Illinois, are predicted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center.[62]
- Smithland Lock and Dam, Illinois, to Cairo, Illinois
List of major tributaries
The largest tributaries of the Ohio by discharge volume are:
- Tennessee River 70,575 cu ft (1,998.5 m3)/sec
- Cumberland River 37,250 cu ft (1,055 m3)/sec
- Wabash River 35,350 cu ft (1,001 m3)/sec
- Allegheny River 19,750 cu ft (559 m3)/sec
- Kanawha River 15,240 cu ft (432 m3)/sec
- Green River 14,574 cu ft (412.7 m3)/sec
- Monongahela River 12,650 cu ft (358 m3)/sec
- Kentucky River 10,064 cu ft (285.0 m3)/sec
- Muskingum River 8,973 cu ft (254.1 m3)/sec
- Scioto River 6,674 cu ft (189.0 m3)/sec
By drainage basin area, the largest tributaries are:[63]
- Tennessee River 40,910 sq mi (106,000 km2)
- Wabash River 33,100 sq mi (86,000 km2)
- Cumberland River 17,920 sq mi (46,400 km2)
- Kanawha River 12,200 sq mi (32,000 km2)
- Allegheny River 11,700 sq mi (30,000 km2)
- Green River 9,230 sq mi (23,900 km2)
- Muskingum River 8,040 sq mi (20,800 km2)
- Monongahela River 7,400 sq mi (19,000 km2)
- Kentucky River 6,970 sq mi (18,100 km2)
- Scioto River 6,510 sq mi (16,900 km2)
The largest tributaries by length are:[63]
- Cumberland River 693 mi (1,115 km)
- Tennessee River 652 mi (1,049 km)
- Wabash River 474 mi (763 km)
- Green River 370 mi (600 km)
- Allegheny River 325 mi (523 km)
- Licking River 320 mi (510 km)
- Kentucky River 255 mi (410 km)
- Scioto River 237 mi (381 km)
- Great Miami River161 mi (259 km)
- Little Kanawha River 160 mi (260 km)
Major tributaries, in order from the headwaters, include:[63]
- Allegheny River – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Monongahela River – Pittsburgh
- Beaver River – Rochester, Pennsylvania
- Little Muskingum River - Ohio
- Muskingum River – Marietta, Ohio
- Little Kanawha River – Parkersburg, West Virginia
- Hocking River – Hockingport, Ohio
- Kanawha River – Point Pleasant, West Virginia
- Guyandotte River – Huntington, West Virginia
- Big Sandy River– Kentucky-West Virginia border
- Little Sandy River – Greenup, Kentucky
- Little Scioto River – Sciotoville, Ohio
- Scioto River – Portsmouth, Ohio
- Little Miami River – Cincinnati, Ohio
- Licking River – Newport-Covington, Kentucky
- Great Miami River – Ohio-Indiana border
- Kentucky River – Carrollton, Kentucky
- Salt River – West Point, Kentucky
- Green River – near Henderson, Kentucky
- Wabash River – Indiana-Illinois-Kentucky border
- Saline River – Illinois
- Cumberland River – Smithland, Kentucky
- Tennessee River – Paducah, Kentucky
- Cache River – Illinois
Drainage basin
The Ohio's drainage basin covers 189,422 square miles (490,600 km2), encompassing the easternmost regions of the
- Northeast
- New York: a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny.
- Pennsylvania: a corridor from the southwestern corner to the north-central border.
- Mid-Atlantic/Upper South
- Maryland: a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the western border.
- Eastern Panhandle.
- Kentucky: all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi.
- Tennessee: all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi, and a very small area in the southeastern corner which is drained by the Conasauga River.
- Virginia: most of southwest Virginia.
- North Carolina: the western quarter.
- Midwest
- Deep South
- Georgia: the far northwest corner.
- Alabama: the northern portion.
- Mississippi: the northeast corner.
Climate transition zone
The Ohio River is a climatic transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the
In the 21st century, with the 2016 update of climate zones,[64] the humid subtropical zone has stretched across the river, into the southern portions of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
Geology
From a geological standpoint, the Ohio River is young. Before the river was created, large parts of
The section of the river that runs southwest from Pittsburgh to Cairo, Illinois, is around tens of thousands of years old.
Upper Ohio River
The upper Ohio River formed when one of the glacial lakes overflowed into a south-flowing tributary of the Teays River. Prior to that event, the north-flowing Steubenville River (no longer in existence) ended between New Martinsville and Paden City, West Virginia. The south-flowing Marietta River (no longer in existence) ended between the present-day cities. The overflowing lake carved through the separating hill and connected the rivers. The floodwaters enlarged the small Marietta valley to a size more typical of a large river. The new large river subsequently drained glacial lakes and melting glaciers at the end of the ice ages. The valley grew during and following the ice age. Many small rivers were altered or abandoned after the upper Ohio River formed. Valleys of some abandoned rivers can still be seen on satellite and aerial images of the hills of Ohio and West Virginia between Marietta, Ohio, and Huntington, West Virginia.
Middle Ohio River
The middle Ohio River formed in a manner similar to that of the upper Ohio River. A north-flowing river was temporarily dammed by natural forces southwest of present-day Louisville, creating a large lake until the dam burst. A new route was carved to the Mississippi. Eventually, the upper and middle sections combined to form what is essentially the modern Ohio River.
Cities and towns along the river
Along the banks of the Ohio are some of the largest cities in their respective states:
Cities along the Ohio are also among the oldest cities in their respective states and among the oldest cities in the United States west of the
Other cities of interest include Cairo, Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi River and the southernmost and westernmost city on the river; and Beaver, Pennsylvania, the site of colonial Fort McIntosh and the northernmost city on the river. It is 548 miles as the crow flies between Cairo and Pittsburgh, but 981 miles by water. Direct water travel over the length of the river is obstructed by the Falls of the Ohio just below Louisville, Kentucky. The Ohio River Scenic Byway follows the Ohio River through Illinois, Indiana and Ohio ending at Steubenville, Ohio, on the river.
Before there were cities, there were colonial forts. These forts played a dominant role in the
Gallery
-
The Allegheny River, left, and Monongahela River join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the largest metropolitan area on the river.
-
Louisville, Kentucky. The deepest point of the Ohio River is a scour hole just below Cannelton locks and dam (river mile 720.7).
-
A barge hauls coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal, the only artificial portion of the Ohio River.
-
The Ohio River seen at Sciotoville, from the "Geography of Ohio," 1923
See also
- Lists of dams and bridges
- Lists of rivers
- List of variant names of the Ohio River
- List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
- List of rivers of Illinois
- List of rivers of Indiana
- List of rivers of Kentucky
- List of rivers of Ohio
- List of rivers of Pennsylvania
- List of rivers of West Virginia
- Ohio Valley, etc.
Notes
- ^ Cities and towns of pop. at least 25,000 and among the 10 largest in the state, and whose municipal boundary comes within less than a mile of the river. Florence, Kentucky, a city of 33,500 and that state's eighth-largest, for example, is a near miss because its northernmost boundary only comes within 2.7 miles of the river.
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- ^ Bruggers, James. "Ohio River again tops list for industrial pollution". Louisville Courier Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- ^ Rich, Nathaniel (January 6, 2016). "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
- ^ Giffin, Connor (April 20, 2023). "Ohio River listed as endangered. What that means and what can be done to help". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
- ^ "Water Data Report: 07022000 Mississippi River at Thebes, IL Summary Statistics" (PDF). US Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ "Ohio RFC". US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ "Lower Mississippi RFC". US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Tributaries". www.orsanco.org. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- PMID 30375988.
Further reading
- Dunn, J. P. (December 1912). "Names of the Ohio River". The Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History. 8 (4): 166–70. JSTOR 27785389.
- Hay, Jerry M. (2010). Ohio River Guidebook (1st ed.). Indiana Waterways. ISBN 978-1605852171.
External links
- Ohio River Flows and Forecasts
- U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gauging stations
- Ohio River Forecast Center, which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream
- Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center, which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries downstream of Smithland Lock and Dam
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Ohio River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911.
- "The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Ohio, a river of the United States". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "Ohio, a river of the United States". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.