Oko

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Oko (disambiguation).

Oko (Old

EKS system.[1]

History

Development of the Oko system began in the early 1970s under the design bureau headed by AI Savin, which became

NPO Lavochkin.[2] The first satellite was launched in 1972 [3] but it was not until 1978 that the overall system became operational and 1982 before it was placed on combat duty.[2] The system had a major malfunction in 1983 when it mistakenly identified sunlight on high altitude clouds as a missile attack. Stanislav Petrov, on duty at the new control centre in Serpukhov-15, Moscow Oblast, discounted the warning due to the newness of the system and the lack of corroboration from ground-based radar.[4]

The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 [5]) have been the first generation US-K satellites which operate in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975.[6] A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991.[2] In total, 101 satellites have been launched.

The US-K satellites, were launched by

DM-2 upper stages from Baikonur.[5][7]

The last US-KMO satellite (

EKS
.

Debris

The first generation Molniya-type orbit Oko satellites launched between 1976 and 1983 were prone to disintegration, resulting in extensive space debris. The reason they broke up was because they each carried an on-board explosive charge that would be used to destroy the satellite in the case of a malfunction. Unfortunately, control of the explosive charge was itself unreliable and it would often explode, rendering the satellite inoperative, while it was still under control. The design was eventually changed, and the explosive charge in Kosmos 1481 was the last to explode early.[10]

Facilities

The system has two dedicated control centres. The western centre is at Serpukhov-15 (Russian: Серпухов-15) near Kurilovo outside Moscow [11] (55°04′06″N 37°02′29″E / 55.06833°N 37.04139°E / 55.06833; 37.04139 (Serpukhov-15 Oko satellites control centre)) and the eastern centre is at Pivan-1 (Russian: Пивань-1) [12] (50°20′57″N 137°11′22″E / 50.34917°N 137.18944°E / 50.34917; 137.18944 (Pivan-1 Oko satellites control centre)) in the Russian Far East. The centre at Serpukhov-15 burned down in 2001 [13][14] which caused the loss of contact with currently orbiting satellites.[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as SPRN (СПРН, from Russian: спутник для предупреждения о ракетном нападении, lit. 'satellite for warning on rocket attack') according to one source, but SPRN is more commonly used to describe the whole early warning system, система предупреждения о ракетном нападении (system of missile warning), which includes Oko but also includes early warning radar.

References

  1. ^ "Soyuz 2-1B launches EKS-1 to upgrade Russian Early Warning System". 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  2. ^
    S2CID 122901563. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 15 March 2012.
  3. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Oko early-warning satellite". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  4. ISSN 0018-9235. Archived
    from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  5. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "US-K (73D6)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  6. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "US-KS (74Kh6)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  7. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "US-KMO (71Kh6)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  8. ^ Pavel, Podvig (30 March 2012). "Kosmos 2479 - new geostationary early warning satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  9. ^ Pavel, Podvig (30 September 2010). "Kosmos 2469 might be the last HEO early-warning satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  10. ^ Clark, Phillip. "SPACE DEBRIS INCIDENTS INVOLVING SOVIET/RUSSIAN LAUNCHES". Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  11. ^ Holm, Michael (2011). "916th independent Radio-Technical Unit". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  12. ^ Holm, Michael (2011). "1127th independent Radio-Technical Unit". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  13. ^ Topol, Sergey; Safranov, Ivan (11 May 2001). "У России проблемы с ПРО: Она сгорела" [Russia has an ABM problem: it burnt down]. Kommersant. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  14. ^ "Russia blaze hits satellite network". BBC News. 10 May 2001. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  15. doi:10.1117/12.603478
    .

External links
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