Old English Hexateuch

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Anglo-Saxon period that translated the six books of the Hexateuch into Old English, presumably under the editorship of Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham (d. c. 1010).[2] It is the first English vernacular translation of the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the five books of the Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) and Joshua. It was probably made for use by lay people.[3]

The translation is known in seven manuscripts,

Cotton MS Claudius B.iv (from which the illustrations on this page are taken). Another copy of the text, without lavish illustrations but including a translation of the Book of Judges (hence also called the Old English Heptateuch), is found in Oxford, Bodleian Library
, Laud Misc. 509.

Though described as "vivid and dynamic",[5] the drawing and style of the Claudius miniatures has been regarded as somewhat crude compared to other manuscripts of the period, variously described as "rough", "incompetent" and "not of outstanding artistic importance".[6] The whole manuscript is available online at the British Library website.[7]

Cotton Claudius B.iv, British Library

Anglo-Saxon king with his Witan. Biblical scene in the Illustrated Old English Hexateuch (11th century)

Claudius B.iv. was probably compiled in the second quarter of the 11th century at

Byrhtferth of Ramsey was responsible for the compilation as well as for parts of the translation. With 156 folios, it is largely complete, but does not include all the biblical text of the books. Commentary and other material in Latin and Old English was added in the 12th century,[8]
often using blank areas in incomplete miniatures.

One or, more likely, several artists accompanied the narrative with 394 drawings in inks of various colours, most brightly coloured with washes, containing about 550 scenes. Many of these are unfinished, at varying stages of completion, and like most unfinished manuscript programmes, the degree of completion falls off in later sections.[9] The settings do not attempt to represent Old Testament life as anything different from that of contemporary Anglo-Saxons, and so give valuable depictions of many aspects of the Anglo-Saxon world. The extensive illustrations suggest that it was designed mainly for lay use,[10] and possibly intended for a single highly-placed individual or family.[11] It is the earliest illustrated manuscript of a large part of the bible in any vernacular language.[12]

Jacob's gifts of livestock to Esau

There are twelve full-page miniatures spread through the texts, and the other miniatures range from nearly full-page to about a quarter of a page.

Cotton Library by 1621.[16]

In particular the MS is believed to be the earliest surviving visual representation of the Horns of Moses, an iconographic convention which grew over the rest of the Middle Ages.[17]

Together with the

Old English verse. The ambitious programme of illustration is also unfinished.[18]

Possible Late antique model

Lot and his daughters

Although the 1975 edition edited by Dodwell and Clemoes asserted that "the artist was not copying the pictures of a remote and long-forgotten age; like other creative artists he was thinking in terms of his own life and times”,

Hellenistic Egypt.[20]

This is especially the case for details in the

Buddha), and, especially in Byzantine art, became a usual feature in the Nativity of Jesus in art.[21] The horns of Moses, first known in art in this manuscript, are another example, though they do not take the form that became common. They rise stright from the sides of the head, and are large. In one illustration they are coloured yellow, perhaps suggesting light.[22]

  • Lot and his wife
    Lot and his wife
  • Folio 60 verso
    Folio 60 verso
  • Two scenes of Tamar
    Two scenes of Tamar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ as used by Mellinkoff for example
  2. ^ Fox and Sharma 6.
  3. ^ Breay & Story, 244-245; Mellinkoff, 23-26
  4. ^ Mellinkoff, 25
  5. ^ Breay & Story, 245
  6. ^ Mellinkoff, 16 quoting others
  7. ^ BL
  8. ^ BL
  9. ^ Mellinkoff, 16
  10. ^ Dodwell (1993), 118-120
  11. ^ Breay & Story, 244-245
  12. ^ Breay & Story, 245
  13. ^ BL
  14. ^ Porck illustrates 5 stages of completion; Mellinkoff, 16
  15. ^ Mellinkoff, 16
  16. ^ BL
  17. ^ Mellinkoff, 13-15
  18. ^ Broderick, Chapter 1; Mellinkoff, 16, 22
  19. ^ Quoted by Porck
  20. ^ Broderick, chapter 2
  21. ^ Broderick, chapter 2
  22. ^ Broderick, chapter 3

References

  • BL: British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B IV
  • Breay, Clare and Story, Joanna (eds), Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War, 2018, British Library (exhibition catalogue),
  • Broderick, Herbert, Moses the Egyptian in the Illustrated Old English Hexateuch (London, British Library Cotton MS Claudius B.iv), 2017, University of Notre Dame Press, ISBN 0268102058 / 9780268102050, google books
  • Fox, Michael; Sharma, Manish (2012). "Introduction". In Michael, Fox (ed.). Old English Literature and the Old Testament. Manish Sharma. Toronto: U of Toronto P. pp. 3–24. .
  • Mellinkoff, Ruth (1970). The Horned Moses in Medieval Art and Thought. California Studies in the History of Art. Vol. 14. University of California Press. .
  • Porck, Thijs, "The Illustrated Old English Hexateuch: An early medieval picture book", 2016, blog by academic

Further reading

Editions

  • Dodwell, C. R. & Clemoes, Peter (eds.). The Old English Illustrated Hexateuch. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile; 18. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1974. Facsimile edition of British Library, Cotton MS Claudius B.iv.
  • Crawford, Samuel J. (ed.). The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Ælfric's Treatise on the Old and New Testament and His Preface to Genesis. Early English Text Society; 160. London: Oxford University Press, 1969. Critical edition of the text.
  • Marsden, Richard (ed.). The Old English Heptateuch and Ælfric's "Libellus de veteri testamento et novo". Early English Text Society; 330. Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2008.

Secondary literature

External links