Old Prussian language
Old Prussian | |
---|---|
Prūsiskai[1][2]: 387 | |
Region | Prussia |
Ethnicity | Baltic Prussians |
Extinct | Early 18th century[3] |
Indo-European
| |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | prg |
prg.html | |
Glottolog | prus1238 |
Linguasphere | 54-AAC-a |
Old Prussian was a
Classification and relation to other languages
Old Prussian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic branch. It is considered to be a Western Baltic language.
Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct West Baltic languages, namely Sudovian, West Galindian[4] and possibly Skalvian and Old Curonian.[5]: 33 [6] Other linguists consider Western Galindian and Skalvian to be Prussian dialects.[7]: 15
It is related to the East Baltic languages such as Lithuanian and Latvian, and more distantly related to Slavic. Compare the words for 'land': Old Prussian semmē [zemē], Latvian: zeme, Lithuanian: žemė, Russian: земля́, (zemljá) and Polish: ziemia.[citation needed]
Old Prussian had
Influence on other languages
Germanic
The
Until the
Polish
One of the hypotheses regarding the origin of
History
Original territory
In addition to Prussia proper, the original territory of the Old Prussians may have included eastern parts of
Decline
With the conquest of the Old Prussian territory by the
Revitalization
In the 1980s, Soviet linguists Vladimir Toporov and Vytautas Mažiulis started reconstructing the Prussian language as a scientific project and a humanitarian gesture. Some enthusiasts thereafter began to revive the language based on their reconstruction.[21]: 3–4
Most current speakers live in Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Kaliningrad (Russia). Additionally, a few children are native in Revived Prussian.[21]: 4–7 [23]
Today, there are websites, online dictionaries, learning apps and games for Revived Prussian, and one children's book – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince – was translated into Revived Prussian by Piotr Szatkowski (Pīteris Šātkis) and published by the Prusaspirā Society in 2015.[21]: 4–7 [23] Moreover, some bands use Revived Prussian, most notably in the Kaliningrad Oblast by the bands Romowe Rikoito,[24] Kellan[25] and Āustras Laīwan, as well as in Lithuania by Kūlgrinda on their 2005 album Prūsų Giesmės ('Prussian Hymns'),[26] and Latvia by Rasa Ensemble in 1988[27] and Valdis Muktupāvels in his 2005 oratorio "Pārcēlātājs Pontifex" featuring several parts sung in Prussian.[28]
Dialects
The Elbing Vocabulary and the Catechisms display systematical differences in phonology, vocabulary and grammar. Some scholars postulate that this is due to them being recordings of different dialects:[17]: XXI–XXII Pomesanian[7]: 25–89 and Sambian.[7]: 90–220
Phonetical distinctions are: Pom. ē is Samb. ī (sweta- : swīta- 'world'); Pom. ō, Samb. ū after a labial (mōthe [mōte] : mūti 'mother') or Pom. ō, Samb. ā (tōwis : tāws 'father'; brōte : brāti 'brother'), which influences the nominative suffixes of feminine ā-stems (crauyō [kraujō] : krawia 'blood'). The nominative suffixes of the masculine o-stems are weakened to -is in Pomesanian; in Sambian they are syncopated (deywis : deiws 'god').
Vocabulary differences encompass Pom. smoy [zmoy] (cf. Lith. žmuo) , Samb. wijrs 'man'; Pom. wayklis, Samb. soūns 'son' and Pom. samien, Samb. laucks [lauks] 'field'. The neuter gender is more often found in Pomesianan than in Sambian.
Others argue that the Catechisms are written in a Yatvingized Prussian. The differences noted above could therefore be explained as being features of a different West Baltic language Yatvingian/Sudovian.[29]
Phonology
Consonants
The Prussian language is described to have the following consonants:[30]: 16–28 [7]: 62
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t
|
tʲ | k | kʲ | |||
voiced | b | bʲ | d
|
dʲ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f[a] | s | sʲ | ʃ[b] | ʃʲ[b] | h[a] | |||
voiced | v | vʲ | z | zʲ | ʒ[b] | ʒʲ[b] | ||||
Nasal | m | mʲ | n
|
nʲ | ||||||
Trill | r
|
rʲ | ||||||||
Approximant | l
|
lʲ | j |
- ^ a b The sounds /f/ and /h/ also existed in Old Prussian, but are disputed as to whether they are native to the language as they are non native to Lithuanian and Latvian.[30]: 28
- ^ a b c d Palato-alveolar fricatives [ʃ, ʒ] are recorded as well, usually with the German orthography-style ⟨sch⟩.[30]: 27 They were allophones of /s/ or /z/ in Pomesanian, but distinct phonemes in Sambian.[7]: 101
There is said to have existed palatalization (i.e. [tʲ], [dʲ]) among nearly all of the consonant sounds except for /j/, and possibly for /ʃ/ and /ʒ/.[30]: 26 [16]: 348 Whether or not the palatalization was phonemic remains unclear.[7]: 62
Apart from the palatalizations Proto-Baltic consonants were almost completely preserved. The only changes postulated are turning Proto-Baltic /ʃ, ʒ/ into Prussian /s, z/ and subsequently changing Proto-Baltic /sj/ into /ʃ/.[7]: 61–62 [16]: 348–349
Vowels
The following description is based on the phonological analysis by Schmalstieg:[31]
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
High
|
i | iː | u | uː | |||
Mid | e | eː | oː | ||||
Low
|
a | aː |
- /a, a:/ could also have been realized as [ɔ, ɔ:]
- /oː/ is not universally accepted, p.e. by Levin (1975)[32]
Diphthongs
Schmalstieg proposes three native diphthongs:[30]: 19–20
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Mid | ei | |
Open | ai | au |
- /au/ may have also been realized as a mid-back diphthong [eu] after palatalized consonants.
- /ui/ occurs in the word cuylis, which is thought to be a loanword.
Grammar
With other remains being merely word lists, the grammar of Old Prussian is reconstructed chiefly on the basis of the three Catechisms.[33]: ix
Nouns
Gender
Old Prussian preserved the Proto-Baltic neuter. Therefore, it had three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter).[34]: 41–42, 47 [35]: 40 [16]: 355–356
Number
Most scholars agree that there are two numbers, singular and plural, in Old Prussian,[34]: 41–42, 47 [35]: 40 [16]: 353 while some consider remnants of a dual identifiable in the existent corpus.[36][37][33]: 198
Cases
There is no consensus on the number of
Some scholars find instrumental forms,[33]: 197 while the traditional view is that no instrumental case existed in Old Prussian.[16]: 356 There could be some locative forms, e.g. bītai ('in the evening').[16]: 356 [38]
Noun stems
Declensional classes were a-stems (also called o-stems), (i)ja-stems (also called (i)jo-stems), ā-stems (feminine), ē-stems (feminine), i-stems, u-stems, and consonant-stems.[7]: 66–80 [35]: 41–62 [16]: 357 [30]: 42–43 Some also list ī/jā-stems as a separate stem,[7]: 66–80 [35]: 41–62 while others include jā-stems into ā-stems and do not mention ī-stems at all.[30]: 37
Adjectives
There were three adjective stems (a-stems, i-stems, u-stems), of which only the first agreed with the noun in gender.[16]: 360 [35]: 63–65
There was a comparative and a superlative form.[35]: 65–66 [16]: 360–361
Verbal morphology
When it comes to verbal morphology present, future and past tense are attested, as well as
Orthography
The orthography varies depending on the author. As the authors of many sources were themselves not proficient in Old Prussian, they wrote the words as they heard them using the orthographical conventions of their mother tongue. For example, the use of ⟨s⟩ for both /s/ and /z/ is based on German orthography. Additionally, the writers misunderstood some phonemes and, when copying manuscripts, they added further mistakes.[7]: 63 [8][16]: 337
Corpus of Old Prussian
Onomastics
There was Prussian toponomy and hydronomy within the territory of (Baltic) Prussia. Georg Gerullis undertook the first basic study of these names in Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen ('The Old Prussian Place-names'), written and published with the help of Walter de Gruyter, in 1922.[12]
Another source are personal names.[39]
Evidence from other languages
Further sources for Prussian words are Vernacularisms in the German dialects of East and West Prussia, as well as words of Old Curonian origin in Latvian and West-Baltic vernacularisms in Lithuanian and Belarusian.[2]: 4 [40]
Vocabularies
Two Prussian vocabularies are known. The older one by
The second one is the so-called Elbing Vocabulary, which consists of 802 thematically sorted words and their German equivalents. Peter Holcwesscher from Marienburg copied the manuscript around 1400; the original dates from the beginning of the 14th or the end of the 13th century. It was found in 1825 by Fr Neumann among other manuscripts acquired by him from the heritage of the Elbing merchant A. Grübnau; it was thus dubbed the Codex Neumannianus.[2]: 7-8 [30]: 4
Fragmentary Texts
There are separate words found in various historical documents.[2]: 4
The following fragments are commonly thought of as Prussian, but are probably actually Lithuanian (at least the adage, however, has been argued to be genuinely West Baltic, only an otherwise unattested dialect[41]):
- An adage of 1583, Dewes does dantes, Dewes does geitka: the form does in the second instance corresponds to Lithuanian future tense duos ('will give')
- Trencke, trencke! ('Strike! Strike!')
Fragmentary Lord's Prayer
Additionally, there is one manuscript fragment of the first words of the
Towe Nüsze kås esse andangonsün
swyntins
Maletius' Sudovian Book
Vytautas Mažiulis lists another few fragmentary texts recorded in several versions by Hieronymus Maletius in the Sudovian Book in the middle of the 16th century. Palmaitis regards them as Sudovian proper.[2]: 7; 437
- Beigeite beygeyte peckolle ('Run, run, devils!')
- Kails naussen gnigethe ('Hello our friend!')
- Kails poskails ains par antres – a drinking toast, reconstructed as Kaīls pas kaīls, aīns per āntran ('A cheer for a cheer, a tit for tat', literally: 'A healthy one after a healthy one, one after another!')
- Kellewesze perioth, Kellewesze perioth ('A carter drives here, a carter drives here!')
- Ocho moy myle schwante panicke – also recorded as O hoho Moi mile swente Pannike, O ho hu Mey mile swenthe paniko, O mues miles schwante Panick ('Oh my dear holy fire!')
Complete Texts
In addition to the texts listed beneath, there several colophons written by Prussian scriptors who worked in Prague and in the court of Lithuanian duke Butautas Kęstutaitis.
Basel Epigram
The so-called Basel Epigram is the oldest written Prussian sentence (1369).[2]: 33–35 [42] It reads:
Kayle rekyse |
Cheers, Sir! |
This jocular inscription was most probably made by a Prussian student studying in
Catechisms
The longest texts preserved in Old Prussian are three Catechisms printed in
Trace of Crete
The "Trace of Crete" is a short poem added by a Baltic writer in Chania to a manuscript of the Logica Parva by Paul of Venice.[43]
Atonaige maian meilan am ne wede maianwargan |
Stand under the May tree willingly/dear – the May tree does not bring you to misery |
Sample texts
Lord's Prayer in Old Prussian (from the so-called "1st Catechism")[2]: 118, 122 [34]: 4
Thawe nuson kas tu asse andangon.
Swintits wirst twais emmens.
Pergeis twais laeims.
Twais quaits audasseisin na semmey, key audangon.
Nusan deininan geittin deis numons schindeinan.
Bha atwerpeis numans nuson auschantins, kay mas atwerpimay nuson auschautenikamans.
Bha ny wedais mans enperbandan.
Sclait is rankeis mans assa wargan. Amen
Lord's Prayer after Simon Grunau (Curonian)[16]: 297 [44][34]: XV
Nossen thewes cur tu es delbes
sweytz gischer tho wes wardes
penag munis tholbe mystlastilbi
tolpes prahes girkade delbeszisne tade symmes semmes worsunii
dodi mommys an nosse igdemas mayse
unde gaytkas pames mumys nusze noszeginu cademes pametam musen prettane kans
newede munis lawnā padomā
swalbadi munis nowusse loyne Jhesus amen.
Lord's Prayer after Prätorius (Curonian)[45]: 703 [a]
Thewes nossen, cur tu es Debbes,
Schwisch gesger thowes Wardes;
Pena mynis thowe Wiswalstybe;
Toppes Patres gir iat Delbeszisne, tade tymnes senjnes Worsinny;
Annosse igdenas Mayse dodi mums szon Dien;
Pamutale mums musu Noschegun, kademas pametan nousson Pyktainekans;
No wede numus panam Paadomam;
Swalbadi names ne wust Tayne.
Lord's Prayer in Lithuanian dialect of
Tewe musu, kurs essi Danguje,
Buk szwenczamas Wardas tawo,
Ateik tawo Karalijste;
Buk tawo Walle kaip Danguje, taip ir an Zemes;
Duna musu dieniszka duk mums ir sze Diena;
Atleisk mums musu Kaltes, kaip mes atoeidzjam sawo Kaltiems;
Ne wesk mus Pagundima;
Bet gelbek mus nu Pikto.
Lord's Prayer in Lithuanian dialect of
Tiewe musu, kursa tu essi Debsissa,
Szwints tiest taws Wards;
Akeik mums twa Walstybe;
Tawas Praats buk kaip Debbesissa taibant wirszu Sjemes;
Musu dieniszka May e duk mums ir szen Dienan;
Atmesk mums musu Griekus, kaip mes pammetam musi Pardokonteimus;
Ne te wedde mus Baidykle;
Bet te passarge mus mi wissa Louna (Pikta)
See also
Notes
- ^ Adelung simply says "der Prätorius". This is most likely Matthäus Prätorius; because two pages earlier Adelung refers with approval to the writings of both Hartknoch and Prätorius,[45]: 701 and Christoph Hartknoch worked with Matthäus Prätorius.
References
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- ^ Haack, Hermann (1930). Stielers Hand-Atlas (10 ed.). Justus Perthes. p. Plate 9.
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- ^ ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
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- ^ Steed, Henry Wickham; Phillips, Walter Alison; Hannay, David (1914). "The Reformation Period". A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. Archived from the original on 4 August 2003.
- ^ "Scots in Eastern and Western Prussia, Part III – Documents (3)". Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- ^ Kownatzki, Hermann (1977) [unknown]. "Elbing als ehemaliger englischer Handelsplatz" [Elbing as a former English trading post] (PDF). Translated by Baumfelder, W. Magistrat der Stadt Elbing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- ^ doi:10.11649/a.2626.
- ^ Klussis, Mikkels (2005). Dictionary of Revived Prussian (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
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- ^ "ROMOWE RIKOITO - Undēina". Dangus. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Ржевский, А. "Илья Левашов: То, что мы поем — это о нашей земле". Выходной (in Russian). Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Senoji prūsų kalba atgimsta naujausioje grupės KŪLGRINDA plokštelėje" (in Lithuanian). Dangus. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-295-99310-2.
- ^ Palmaitis, Mykolas Letas. "Oratorio "Pārcēlātājs Pontifex"". Prussian Reconstructions - Ethonology. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ Palmaitis, Mykolas Letas (2001). Grammatical Incompatibility of 2 Main Prussian "Dialects" as Implication of Different Phonological Systems (PDF). Colloquium Pruthenicum Tertium. Zakopane. pp. 63–77.
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- ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988). Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological Dictionary of Old Prussian] (in Lithuanian). Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Vilnius: Mokslas. p. 144.
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- ^ Hill, Eugen (2004). "Die sigmatischen Modus-Bildungen der indogermanischen Sprachen. Erste Abhandlung: Das baltische Futur und seine Verwandten" [The sigmatic modus formation in Indo-European languages. 1st Treatise: The Baltic future and its relatives]. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction (in German). 1 (1): 69–171. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Schaeken, Jos (2003). "The Old Prussian Basel Epigram".
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- Kessler, Stephan; Mossman, Stephen (2013). "Ein Fund aus dem Jahre 1440: Ein bisher unbekannter Text in einer baltischen Sprache" [Find from the year 1440: A hitherto unknown text in a Baltic language]. Archivum Lithuanicum (in German). 15: 511–534.
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Literature
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- Johann Severin Vater: Die Sprache der alten Preußen: Einleitung, Ueberreste, Sprachlehre, Wörterbuch, Braunschweig 1821
- G. H. F. Nesselmann, Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der preußischen Sprache, 2. Beitrag: Königsberg, 1871.
- G. H. F. Nesselmann, Thesaurus linguae Prussicae, Berlin, 1873.
- E. Berneker, Die preussische Sprache, Strassburg, 1896 ([2]).
- R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmäler, Göttingen, 1910.
- Wijk, Nicolaas van, Altpreussiche Studien : Beiträge zur baltischen und zur vergleichenden indogermanischen Grammatik, Haag, 1918.
- G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, Berlin-Leipzig, 1922.
- R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Personnennamen, Göttingen, 1925.
- G. Gerullis, Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jadwinger, in Festschrift A. Bezzenberger, Göttingen 1927
- W. R. Schmalstieg, An Old Prussian Grammar, University Park and London, 1974.
- W. R. Schmalstieg, Studies in Old Prussian, University Park and London, 1976.
- V. Toporov, Prusskij jazyk: Slovar', A – L, Moskva, 1975–1990 (not finished).
- L. Kilian: Zu Herkunft und Sprache der Prußen Wörterbuch Deutsch–Prußisch, Bonn 1980
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- LEXICON BORVSSICVM VETVS. Concordantia et lexicon inversum. / Bibliotheca Klossiana I, Universitas Vytauti Magni, Kaunas, 2007.
- OLD PRUSSIAN WRITTEN MONUMENTS. Facsimile, Transliteration, Reconstruction, Comments. / Bibliotheca Klossiana II, Universitas Vytauti Magni / Lithuanians' World Center, Kaunas, 2007.
- (In Lithuanian) V. Rinkevičius, Prūsistikos pagrindai (Fundamentals of Prussistics). 2015.
External links
- Database of the Old Prussian Linguistic Heritage (Etymological Dictionary of Old Prussian (in Lithuanian) and full textual corpus)
- Frederik Kortlandt: Electronic text editions (contains transcriptions of Old Prussian manuscript texts)
- Vocabulary by friar Simon Grunau
- Elbing Vocabulary