Old World sparrow

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This article is about Old World sparrows. For New World sparrows, see New World sparrow. For other uses, see Sparrow (disambiguation).

Old World sparrow
Male house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Superfamily: Passeroidea
Family: Passeridae
Rafinesque, 1815
Type genus
Passer
Brisson, 1760
Genera

Old World sparrows are a group of small

Passerellidae, and from a few other birds sharing their name, such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae. Many species nest on buildings and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows, in particular, inhabit cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. Some species scavenge for food around cities and, like pigeons or gulls
, will eat small quantities of a diversity of items.

Description

Male house sparrow in Germany
Yellow-throated sparrow at Keoladeo National Park, India
Sparrow in Tharparkar, Sindh
Sparrow in Tharparkar, Sindh

Generally, Old World sparrows are small, plump, brown and grey birds with short tails and stubby, powerful

alimentary canals.[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

A sparrow chick
Painting of black-winged snowfinches

The family Passeridae was introduced (as Passernia) by the French

weavers, Ploceidae)[4] which are morphologically similar to Passer.[7] According to a study of molecular and skeletal evidence by Jon Fjeldså and colleagues, the cinnamon ibon of the Philippines, previously considered to be a white-eye, is a sister taxon to the sparrows as defined by the HBW. They therefore classify it as its own subfamily within Passeridae.[7]

Many early classifications of the Old World sparrows placed them as close relatives of the weavers among the various families of small seed-eating birds, based on the similarity of their breeding behaviour, bill structure, and moult, among other characters. Some, starting with P. P. Suskin in the 1920s, placed the sparrows in the weaver family as the subfamily Passerinae, and tied them to Plocepasser. Another family sparrows were classed with was the finches (Fringillidae).[4]

Some authorities previously classified the related

estrildid finches of the Old World tropics and Australasia as members of the Passeridae. Like sparrows, the estrildid finches are small, gregarious and often colonial seed-eaters with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are broadly similar in structure and habits, but tend to be very colourful and vary greatly in their plumage. The 2008 Christidis and Boles taxonomic scheme lists the estrildid finches as the separate family Estrildidae, leaving just the true sparrows[clarification needed] in Passeridae.[8]

Despite some resemblance such as the seed-eater's bill and frequently well-marked heads,

Emberizidae.[10][11]
hedge sparrow or dunnock (Prunella modularis) is similarly unrelated. It is a sparrow in name only, a relict of the old practice of calling more types of small birds "sparrows".[12] A few further bird species are also called sparrows, such as the Java sparrow
, an estrildid finch.

Passeridae

Gymnoris – 4 species

Passer – 28 species

Petronia – rock sparrow

Onychostruthus – white-rumped snowfinch

Montifringilla – 3 species

Pyrgilauda – 4 species

Phylogeny based on a study by Martin Päckert and colleagues published in 2021. The
Hypocryptadius were not sampled.[13]

Species

The family contains 43 species divided into eight genera:[14]

Image Genus Living species
Hypocryptadius
Carpospiza
Petronia
Onychostruthus
Montifringilla
Pyrgilauda
Gymnoris
Passer, the true sparrows

Distribution and habitat

A male Dead Sea sparrow in southeastern Turkey

The Old World sparrows are indigenous to Europe, Africa and Asia. In the Americas, Australia, and other parts of the world, settlers imported some species which quickly naturalised, particularly in urban and degraded areas. House sparrows, for example, are now found throughout North America, Australia (every state except Western Australia), parts of southern and eastern Africa, and over much of the heavily populated parts of South America.[4]

The Old World sparrows are generally birds of open habitats, including

scrubland. The snowfinches and ground-sparrows are all species of high latitudes. A few species, like the Eurasian tree sparrow, inhabit open woodland.[4] The aberrant cinnamon ibon has the most unusual habitat of the family, inhabiting the canopy of cloud forest in the Philippines.[7]

Behaviour and ecology

Old World sparrows are generally social birds, with many species breeding in loose colonies and most species occurring in flocks during the non-breeding season. The great sparrow is an exception, breeding in solitary pairs and remaining only in small family groups in the non-breeding season. They form large roosting aggregations in the non-breeding seasons that contain only a single species (in contrast to multi-species flocks that might gather for foraging). Sites are chosen for cover and include trees, thick bushes and reed beds. The assemblages can be quite large with up to 10,000 house sparrows counted in one roost in Egypt.[4]

The Old World sparrows are some of the few passerine birds that engage in

dust bathing. They will first scratch a hole in the ground with their feet, then lie in it and fling dirt or sand over their bodies with flicks of their wings. They will also bathe in water, or in dry or melting snow. Water bathing is similar to dust bathing, with the sparrow standing in shallow water and flicking water over its back with its wings, also ducking its head under the water. Both activities are social, with up to a hundred birds participating at once, and is followed by preening and sometimes group singing.[4]

Eggs

The house sparrow typically lays 3-6 eggs, but has been known to lay as few as 1 and as many as 8 greenish-white eggs. The incubation period is typically 10–14 days.[15]

Relationships with humans

Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris
.

Old World sparrows may be the most familiar of all wild birds worldwide.[16] Many species commonly live in agricultural areas, and for several, human settlements are a primary habitat. The Eurasian tree and house sparrows are particularly specialised in living around humans and inhabit cities in large numbers. 17 of the 26 species recognised by the Handbook of the Birds of the World are known to nest on and feed around buildings.[4]

Grain-eating species, in particular the house and Sudan golden sparrows, can be significant agricultural

Great Sparrow Campaign in 1950s China.[4]

Because of their familiarity, the house sparrow and other species of the family are frequently used to represent the common and vulgar, or the lewd.

Shakespeare.[4][17][18]

Jesus's use of "sparrows" as an example of divine providence in the Gospel of Matthew[19] also inspired later references, such as that in the final scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet[17] and the Gospel hymn "His Eye Is on the Sparrow".[20]

Sparrows are represented in ancient Egyptian art very rarely, but an
Egyptian hieroglyph
G37
is based on the house sparrow. The symbol had no phonetic value and was used as a determinative in words to indicate small, narrow, or bad.[21]

Old World sparrows have been kept as pets at many times in history, even though most are not particularly colourful and their songs are unremarkable.[citation needed] They are also difficult to keep, as pet sparrows must be raised by hand and a considerable amount of insects are required to feed them. Nevertheless, many people succeed at hand-raising orphaned or abandoned baby sparrows.[22]

The earliest mentions of pet sparrows are from the Romans. Not all the passeri mentioned, often as pets, in Roman literature were necessarily sparrows, but some accounts of them clearly describe their appearance and habits.[23] The pet passer of Lesbia in Catullus's poems may not have been a sparrow, but a thrush or European goldfinch. John Skelton's The Boke of Phyllyp Sparowe is a lament for a pet house sparrow belonging to a Jane Scrope, narrated by Scrope.[4][17][23][24]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Summers-Smith 2005, p. 17
  2. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-691-03424-9
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7
    .
  5. ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 68.
  6. hdl:2246/830
    .
  7. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01053.x
    .
  8. ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, p. 177
  9. Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "New World Sparrows, Bush Tanagers"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  10. ^ American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  11. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1.[permanent dead link
    ]
  12. ^ Summers-Smith 1988, p. 13
  13. doi:10.3897/vz.71.e65952
    .
  14. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  15. ^ "Hoiuse Sparrow". Aububon.ordg. 13 November 2014.
  16. ISBN 978-1-55297-777-4
    .
  17. ^ a b c d Summers-Smith 1963, pp. 49, 215
  18. ^ Shipley, A. E. (1899). "Sparrow". In Cheyne, Thomas Kelley; Black, J. Sutherland (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica. Vol. 4. Toronto : Morang.
  19. ^ Matthew 10:29–31
  20. ^ Todd 2012, pp. 56–58
  21. ^ Houlihan & Goodman 1986, pp. 136–137
  22. ^ "Starling Talk: The Care and Feeding of Injured and Orphaned Starlings".
  23. ^ a b Summers-Smith 2005, pp. 29–35
  24. ^ Ferber, Michael (2007). "Sparrow". A Dictionary of Literary Symbols. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-01.

Works cited

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passeridae.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Sparrow".
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