Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium | |
---|---|
olfactory placode and neural crest | |
System | Olfactory system |
Nerve | Olfactory nerve |
Identifiers | |
TH | H3.11.07.0.01001 |
FMA | 64803 |
Anatomical terminology] |
The olfactory epithelium is a specialized
Structure
Olfactory epithelium consists of four distinct cell types:[3]
- Olfactory sensory neurons
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
- Brush cells
Olfactory sensory neurons
The
Supporting cells
Analogous to neural
Basal cells
Resting on or near the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium, basal cells are stem cells capable of division and differentiation into either supporting or olfactory cells. While some of these basal cells divide rapidly, a significant proportion remain relatively quiescent and replenish olfactory epithelial cells as needed. This leads to the olfactory epithelium being replaced every 6–8 weeks.[7]
Basal cells can be divided on the basis of their cellular and histological features into two populations: the horizontal basal cells, which are slowly dividing reserve cells that express p63; and globose basal cells, which are a heterogeneous population of cells consisting of reserve cells, amplifying progenitor cells, and immediate precursor cells.[8]
Brush cells
A
Olfactory (Bowman's) glands
Tubuloalveolar serous secreting glands lying in the lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa. These glands deliver a proteinaceous secretion via ducts onto the surface of the mucosa. The role of the secretions are to trap and dissolve odiferous substances for the bipolar neurons. Constant flow from the olfactory glands allows old odors to be constantly washed away.[5]
Development
The olfactory epithelium derives from two structures during
The embryonic olfactory epithelium consists of fewer cell types than in the adult, including apical and basal
Olfactory placode
Similar to the other embryonic placodes, the olfactory placode gives rise to both neural and non-neural structures, ultimately resulting in the formation of the nasal epithelium.[16] The specification of neural versus non-neural tissue involves signals both within the olfactory placode, and between the olfactory placode and the underlying mesenchymal compartment.[12] Continued signaling by BMP, FGF, and RA, the morphogens that initially induced placode formation, collectively coordinate the patterning of olfactory placode tissue into the future distinct cell types that make up the olfactory epithelium.[16] The cell types derived from the olfactory placode include:[17]
- Neural: LHRH-secreting neurons, and ganglion cells
- Non-neuronal: basal cells, olfactory supporting cells, brush cells
However, there is significant evidence for an additional neural crest-origin for many of these cell types as well.[13]
Olfactory sensory neuron development
The cells of the olfactory epithelium, including olfactory sensory neurons, begin to
Clinical significance
The olfactory epithelium can be damaged by inhalation of toxic fumes, physical injury to the interior of the nose, and possibly by the use of some nasal sprays. Because of its regenerative capacity, damage to the olfactory epithelium can be temporary but in extreme cases, injury can be permanent, leading to anosmia.
Additional images
-
Composition of the Olfactory receptor neuron (captions in German)
-
olfactory epithelium pig
See also
References
- ^ Gizurarson, S. (2012). Anatomical and Histological Factors Affecting Intranasal Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Current Drug Delivery, 9(6), 566–582. doi:10.2174/156720112803529828 10.2174/156720112803529828
- )
- ^ Ross, MH, Histology: A Text and Atlas, 5th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2006. page 615-616.
- ^ "Dendritic knob". yeast genome.org. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ a b Ross, MH, Histology: A Text and Atlas, 5th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2006. page 616.
- PMID 26016700.
- ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (2001-01-01). "The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons".
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(help) - PMID 27560601.
- ^ )
- ^ PMID 21882426.
- S2CID 46531167.
- ^ )
- ^ PMID 22773137.
- PMID 25473832.
- PMID 19029046.
- ^ PMID 24508480.
- PMID 8186394.
- S2CID 36297243.
- ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (2001-01-01). "The Transduction of Olfactory Signals".
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(help) - PMID 25688305.
- S2CID 24497222.
External links
- Embryonic origin of the olfactory sensory system: fate map, lineage analysis and specification of the avian olfactory placode and [1]
- Katoh, Hiroyuki; Shibata, Shinsuke; Fukuda, Kimiko; Sato, Momoka; Satoh, Etsuko; Nagoshi, Narihito; Minematsu, Takeo; Matsuzaki, Yumi; Akazawa, Chihiro; Toyama, Yoshiaki; Nakamura, Masaya; Okano, Hideyuki (2011). "The dual origin of the peripheral olfactory system: placode and neural crest". Molecular Brain. 4 (1): 34. PMID 21943152.