Oligodynamic effect

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Silver spoons self-sanitize due to the oligodynamic effect

The oligodynamic effect (from

heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations. This effect is attributed to the antibacterial behavior of metal ions, which are absorbed by bacteria upon contact and damage their cell membranes.[1]

In modern times, the effect was observed by

doorknobs and silverware
both exhibit this effect to an extent.

Mechanism

The metals react with

plasmids.[3]

List of uses

Aluminium

Aluminum has been found to compete with iron and magnesium and bind to DNA, membranes, or cell walls, leading to its toxic effect on microbes, such as cyanobacteria, soil bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi.[4]

Aluminium triacetate (Burow's solution) is used as an astringent mild antiseptic.[5]

Antimony

Trivalent organic antimony was used in therapy for schistosomiasis.[7]

Arsenic

For many decades,

weed killers, and other pesticides. Arsenic is poisonous if it enters the human body.[8]

Barium

Barium polysulfide is a fungicide and acaricide used in fruit and grape growing.[9]

Bismuth

Bismuth compounds have been used because of their

disinfecting actions. In dermatology bismuth subgallate is still used in vulnerary salves and powders as well as in antimycotics.[10] In the past, bismuth has also been used to treat syphilis and malaria.[11]

Boron

glycols (example, organo-borate formulation, Biobor JF) are being used for the control of microorganisms in fuel systems containing water.[12]

Copper

Main article: Antimicrobial properties of copper

Brass vessels release a small amount of copper ions into stored water, thus killing fecal bacterial counts as high as 1 million bacteria per milliliter.[13]

algicide) that grow in reservoirs, stock ponds, swimming pools, and fish tanks. Copper 8-hydroxyquinoline is sometimes included in paint to prevent mildew.[15]

Paint containing copper is used on boat bottoms to prevent barnacle growth (biofouling).

Copper also has the ability to destroy viruses, such as influenza viruses, noroviruses or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[16]

Gold

Gold is used in dental inlays and inhibits the growth of bacteria.[17]

Lead

Physicians prescribed various forms of lead to heal ailments ranging from

Lead arsenate is used in insecticides and herbicides.[19] Some organic lead compounds are used as industrial biocides: thiomethyl triphenyllead is used as an antifungal agent, cotton preservative, and lubricant additive; thiopropyl triphenyllead as a rodent repellant; tributyllead acetate as a wood and cotton preservative; tributyllead imidazole as a lubricant additive and cotton preservative.[20]

Mercury

Dental amalgam used in fillings inhibits bacterial reproduction.[13]

Organic mercury compounds have been used as topical disinfectants (

ethyl mercurials). Mercury was used in the treatment of syphilis. Calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s. Mercurials are also used agriculturally as insecticides and fungicides.[21]

Nickel

The toxicity of nickel to bacteria, yeasts, and fungi differs considerably.[22]

Silver

Main article: Medical uses of silver

The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01–0.1 mg/L. Therefore, even less soluble silver compounds, such as silver chloride, also act as bactericides or germicides, but not the much less soluble silver sulfide. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, metallic silver also has a bactericidal effect due to the formation of silver oxide, which is soluble enough to cause it. Even objects with a solid silver surface (e.g., table silver, silver coins, or silver foil) have a bactericidal effect. Silver drinking vessels were carried by military commanders on expeditions for protection against disease. It was once common to place silver foil or even silver coins on wounds for the same reason.[23]

Silver sulfadiazine is used as an antiseptic ointment for extensive burns. An equilibrium dispersion of colloidal silver with dissolved silver ions can be used to purify drinking water at sea.[3] Silver is incorporated into medical implants and devices such as catheters. Surfacine (silver iodide) is a relatively new antimicrobial for application to surfaces. Silver-impregnated wound dressings have proven especially useful against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver nitrate is used as a hemostatic, antiseptic and astringent. At one time, many states[clarification needed] required that the eyes of newborns be treated with a few drops of silver nitrate to guard against an infection of the eyes called gonorrheal neonatal ophthalmia, which the infants might have contracted as they passed through the birth canal. Silver ions are increasingly incorporated into many hard surfaces, such as plastics and steel, as a way to control microbial growth on items such as toilet seats, stethoscopes, and even refrigerator doors. Among the newer products being sold are plastic food containers infused with silver nanoparticles, which are intended to keep food fresher, and silver-infused athletic shirts and socks, which claim to minimize odors.[15][17]

Thallium

Thallium compounds such as

thallium sulfate have been used for impregnating wood and leather to kill fungal spores and bacteria, and for the protection of textiles from attack by moths.[24] Thallium sulfate has been used as a depilatory and in the treatment of venereal disease, skin fungal infections, and tuberculosis.[25]

Tin

triphenyltin acetate are used as fungicides.[26]

Zinc

Zinc oxide is used as a weak antiseptic and in paints as a white pigment and mold-growth inhibitor.[27] Zinc chloride is a common ingredient in mouthwashes and deodorants, and zinc pyrithione is an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos. Galvanized (zinc-coated) fittings on roofs impede the growth of algae. Copper- and zinc-treated shingles are available.[15] Zinc iodide and zinc sulfate are used as topical antiseptics.[28]

Safety

Besides the individual toxic effects of each metal, a wide range of metals are

fetal development.[30] Several (cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury) can induce special protein complexes called metallothioneins.[31]

See also

References

  1. PMID 34665632
    .
  2. ^ Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm (1893), "Über oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen", Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesamte Naturwissenschaft, XXXIII (1)
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-3527306732
  4. ISSN 0966-0844
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-4051-6169-5
  6. ISBN 978-3527306732
  7. ISBN 978-1-4200-4479-9
  8. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  9. ISBN 978-3527306732
  10. ISBN 978-3527306732
  11. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  12. ISBN 978-3527306732
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-321-71271-4
  14. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-0-321-55007-1
  16. PMID 29280540
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-07-352252-4
  18. ISBN 978-3527306732
  19. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  20. ISBN 978-3527306732
  21. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  22. ISBN 978-3527306732
  23. ISBN 978-3527306732
  24. ISBN 978-3527306732
  25. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  26. ISBN 978-3527306732
  27. ISBN 978-1-4200-4479-9
  28. ISBN 978-3527306732
  29. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5
  30. ISBN 978-1-925129-36-6
  31. ISBN 978-0-12-745354-5

Links
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