Olisipo
Location | Portugal |
---|---|
Region | Lisbon metropolitan area |
Coordinates | 38°42′44″N 9°08′02″W / 38.7122204°N 9.1339731°W |
Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia Olisipo (in Latin: Olisippo or Ulyssippo ; in Greek: Ὀλισσιπών, Olissipṓn, or Ὀλισσιπόνα, Olissipóna) was the ancient name of modern-day Lisbon while it was part of the Roman Empire.
Background
During the
Between 31 BC and 27 BC the city became a
Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves. Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela.[2] The city population is estimated to have been around 30,000 at the time.
Earthquakes were documented in 60 BC, several between 47 and 44 BC, several in 33 AD, and a strong quake in 382 AD, but the exact amount of damage to the city is unknown.
The city
Buildings
During the time of Augustus (63 BC to 14 AD) the Romans built a large theatre (which was restored in 57 AD on the order of Caius Heius Primus).[3][4]
The galleries underneath the current Rua da Prata date from 20–35 AD;[5] they were rebuilt in 330 AD.[6]
The
Several
A large necropolis from the 1st–4th centuries AD existed under Praça da Figueira[12] and it is known that a large forum (probably in current Largo dos Lóis) and an aqueduct were built.
A circus and hippodrome was built around the 3rd or 4th century AD.
Buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) existed in the area between the modern castle hill and downtown.
The city wall was strengthened in the 4th to 5th century AD, and around the city there were also bridges (in Sacavém and Alcântara) and villae.
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Lisbon Roman theatre
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Roman theatre stone re-used in the Lisbon Cathedral
-
Part of the old city wall
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Rua dos Correeiros Archaeological Centre
Economy
Economically, Olisipo was known for its garum, a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in amphorae to Rome and other cities. Wine, salt and the city's famously fast horses were also exported.
The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of
.The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities,
in Spain).Government
The city was ruled by an
Around 80 BC, the Roman Quintus Sertorius led a rebellion against the dictator Sulla. During this period, he organized the tribes of Lusitania (and Hispania) and was on the verge of forming an independent province in the Sertorian War when he died.
The city was administered by two
- Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus was one of the duumviri in the 1st century AD.
- Lucius Iulius Iustus (son of Lucius Iulius Reburrus) was one of the city aedils in the 1st or 2nd century AD.[13]
Between 140 and 150
Religion
Olisipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of
In the middle of the 4th century the Olisipo diocesis was formed.[15]
There is also the legend of Saint Ginés (São Gens), presented as one of the first martyr bishops of Lisbon and remembered in the Nossa Senhora do Monte chapel.
At the end of Roman rule, Olisipo was one of the first Christian cities.
Roman architectural remains in the region
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Roman roads in Hispania
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Roman dam of Belas, near Lisbon
The city was a
The territory includes the following Roman archaeological finds, known settlements or place names:
In the current Sintra municipality
- Archaeological Site of Alto da Vigia[16] (Praia das Maçãs, Sintra)
- Archaeological Site of Colaride[17][18] (Alto de Colaride, Sintra)
- Archaeological Museum of São Miguel de Odrinhas[19] (Odrinhas, Sintra)
- )
- )
- Roman bridge at Albarraque (Rio de Mouro, Sintra)
- Roman bridge at Várzea de Baixo[22] (Colares (Sintra))
- Roman bridge at Cheleiros[23] (Cheleiros, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Santo André de Almoçageme[24] (Almoçageme, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Amoreira (São João das Lampas, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Barros do Casal Silvério (Montelavar, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Granja dos Serrões[25] (Pêro Pinheiro, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Corrais do Chão (Sintra)
- Roman villa of São Marcos (São Marcos, Sintra)
- Roman site of Vila Velha (Sintra)
- Vicus of Faião (Terrugem, possible location for Chretina)
- Roman mine of Monte Suimo (Serra da Carregueira, Sintra)
- Fountain of Armés (Terrugem, Sintra)
- Roman villa of Lugar do Mercador (Mucifal, Sintra)
- Promontorium Lunae (Cabo da Roca, Sintra)
- Serra de Sintra)
In the current Cascais municipality
- Roman villa of Alto da Cidreira[26] (Alto da Cidreira, Cascais)
- Roman villa of Vilares[27] (Murches, Cascais)
- )
- Roman villa of Outeiro de Polima or Freiria[29][30] (São Domingos de Rana, Cascais)
- Archaeological Site of Espigão das Ruivas[31] (Guincho Velho, Cascais)
- Roman villa of Miroiço[32] (Manique de Baixo, Cascais)
In the current Amadora municipality
In the current Torres Vedras municipality
- Roman baths of Cucos (another possible location for Chretina) (Cucos, Torres Vedras)
- Roman villa of Freiria (Torres Vedras)
In the current Loures municipality
- Roman villa of Almoinhas[33] (Loures)
- Roman villa of Frielas[34] (Frielas, Loures)
- Roman bridge at Frielas
Fall of the Roman Empire
Alans
Lisbon suffered invasions from the Sarmatian
Suebi
The Germanic
In 457, while Framta was still ruling, Maldras led a large raid on Lusitania.[35] The raiders sacked Lisbon by pretending to come in peace and, once admitted by the citizens, plundering the city.[36]
In 468 the city of Lisbon was occupied by the Suebi under Remismund with the help of a native Roman governor named Lucidius, but in effect Roman dominion over the city had ended.
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Kingdom of the Alans in Hispania (409-426 AD)
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Iberian Peninsula around 500 AD
See also
References
- ^ "Museu da Cidade (Lisboa) » Portugal Romano". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ Pomponius Mela; Gronovius; Schott; Núñez de Guzmán (1748). Pomponii Melae De situ orbis libri III cum notis integris Hermolai Barbari, Petri Joannis Olivarii, Fredenandi Nonii Pintiani, Petri Ciacconii, Andreae Schotti, Isaaci Vossii et Jacobi Gronovii, accedunt Petri Joannis Nunnesii Epistola de patria Pomponii Melae et adnotata... Et J. Perizonii Adnotata... curante A. Gronovio. apud Samuelem Luchtmans et Fil., Academiae typographos. p. 246.
- ^ "Museuteatroromano.pt | Registrado en DonDominio". www.museuteatroromano.pt. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Sítio da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa: Página principal".
- ^ a b http://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/OBRAS/RevMunicipal/N49/N49_master/N49.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://www.igespar.pt/media/uploads/revistaportuguesadearqueologia/12_2/191_207.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "O que a cave (Mal) esconde: Termas dos Cássios".
- ^ "HispaniaEpigraphica Online Database - Record Card".
- ^ Joaquim Antonio de Macedo (1874). A Guide to Lisbon and Its Environs, Including Cintra and Mafra ... Simpkin, Marshall. pp. 212–214.
- ^ http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/8130/2/5_Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Inscrições Romanas Do Termo De Loures" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Cardoso, João Luís (November 2020). "As "Pedras do Martírio" dos Santos Mártires de Lisboa: confirmação das observações de Carlos Ribeiro (1813-1882)". Al-Madan. 23: 129–133. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3855/1/ulfl096138_tm.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "POC – Programa Operacional da Cultura". Arqueologia.igespar.pt. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Igespar Ip | Heritage". Igespar.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Igespar Ip | Património" (in Portuguese). Igespar.pt. 1959-11-30. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Lisboa (Portugal)". Romanaqueducts.info. 2005-03-25. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Portugal Romano (2011-09-18). "Ponte e via romana de Catribana (Sintra)". Portugalromano.com. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "POC – Programa Operacional da Cultura". Arqueologia.igespar.pt. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Field Work of Santo André de Almoçageme – Museum of Odrinhas". Museuarqueologicodeodrinhas.pt. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Igespar Ip | Património" (in Portuguese). Igespar.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Igespar Ip | Património |" (in Portuguese). Igespar.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Sem título 0". Neoepica.pt. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Igespar Ip | Património" (in Portuguese). Igespar.pt. 1990-07-17. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Portugal Romano (2011-01-27). "Espigão das Ruivas – "Porto Touro"". Portugalromano.com. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Monumentos". Monumentos.pt. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Edição 43 – Loures e Odivelas". Jornal das Autarquias. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Thompson, 167.
- ^ Thompson, 171.
External links
- Olisipo map
- Museu do Teatro Romano
- Vias romanas – outros percursos em Sintra
- Almoçageme e os itinerários das vias
- Os mais recentes achados epigráficos do Castelo de S. Jorge, Lisboa
- “Marcas de oleiro” em terra sigillata da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa) : contribuição para o conhecimento da economia de Olisipo (séc. I a.C. – séc. II d.C.)