Jackson, Tennessee
Jackson, Tennessee | ||
---|---|---|
FIPS code 47-37640[4] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1289178[5] | |
Website | City of Jackson Official Website |
Jackson is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Tennessee, United States. Located 70 miles (110 km) east of Memphis, it is a regional center of trade for West Tennessee. Its total population was 68,205 as of the 2020 United States census.[6] Jackson is the primary city of the Jackson, Tennessee metropolitan area, which is included in the Jackson-Humboldt, Tennessee combined statistical area. Jackson is Madison County's largest city, and the second-largest city in West Tennessee after Memphis.[7] It is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for West Tennessee, as Jackson was the major city in the west when the court was established in 1834.
In the antebellum era, Jackson was the market city for an agricultural area based on cultivation of cotton, the major commodity crop. Beginning in 1851, the city became a hub of railroad systems ultimately connecting to major markets in the north and south, as well as east and west. This was key to its development, attracting trade and many workers on the railroads in the late 19th century with the construction of railroads after the American Civil War. Through the 1960s, the city was served by 15 passenger trains daily, but industry restructuring reduced such service and caused the loss of jobs. The economy has adjusted to new businesses, with major manufacturing in the area.
History
Early settlement
This area was occupied by the historic
European-American settlement of Jackson began along the Forked Deer River before 1820, primarily by migrants from eastern areas of the Upper South, such as Virginia and Kentucky. Originally named Alexandria, the city was renamed in 1822 to honor General Andrew Jackson, a hero of the War of 1812. He was later elected as President of the United States.[8]
The City of Jackson was founded by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly, passed in 1821, entitled an "act to establish a seat of justice for Henry, Carroll, Henderson and Madison Counties." The act required 50 acres (20 ha) of land to be deeded to the commissioners. The commissioners chosen by the Legislature were Sterling Brewer and James Fentress. The places considered for the seat of justice were Alexandria, Golden's Station, and Jackson. The larger portion of the settlers at that time were living on Cotton Grove Road, and as Jackson was closer to them than either of the other settlements, this settlement was determined to be the more suitable site for the seat of justice.[9]
At the time of the second
The city of Jackson did not establish public elections until 1837, with a Board of Aldermen elected
This area was initially developed for agricultural purposes, especially cotton plantations for producing the chief commodity crop of the Mississippi Valley and Deep South. Cotton plantations were dependent on the labor of Slavery in the United States/enslaved African Americans, and thousands were brought into the area as it was developed. As county seat, Jackson was a trading town and retail center for surrounding agricultural areas.
But developing as a railroad hub of several lines was most important to Jackson's industrial and population growth, from 1852 on for the next hundred years.
Civil War through 19th century
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2024) |
In 1862 Tennessee came under the control of Union forces and was occupied until General
Forrest's 2,100-man cavalry brigade crossed the Tennessee River on December 17. Grant ordered a soldier concentration at Jackson under Brigadier General Jeremiah C. Sullivan and sent a cavalry force under Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll. Forrest's command defeated the Union cavalry in Lexington, Tennessee on December 18. As Forrest continued his advance the following day, Sullivan ordered Colonel Adolph Englemann to take a small force northeast of Jackson.
At Old Salem Cemetery, acting on the defensive, Englemann's two infantry regiments repulsed a Confederate mounted attack, then withdrew a mile closer to the city. The fight amounted to no more than a feint and show of force intended to hold Jackson's Union defenders in position, while two mounted Confederate columns destroyed railroad track to both the north and south of the town, then returned. Forrest withdrew from the Jackson area to attack Trenton and Humboldt after this mission was accomplished.[12]
As a result of the destruction of the railroad, Grant abandoned his plans to invade Mississippi from Tennessee in favor of an attack on
With the emancipation of slaves and passage of US constitutional amendments granting suffrage to African-American males, Jackson's
In the late 19th century, the white-dominated state legislature passed several laws that made voter registration and voting more difficult, including payment of a
20th century
In 1915, Jackson was one of several cities in the state to adopt a commission form of government, changing its electoral scheme to at-large voting citywide for three designated positions: a mayor and two commissioners. This resulted in a government dominated by the majority, with no representatives elected from minority populations. (Other cities to make this change included Clarksville, Chattanooga, Knoxville and Nashville.) Although the state in 1913 enacted a law enabling cities to adopt the commission form of government independently, Jackson was chartered by the state for this change.[11] The commissioners each were allocated specific responsibilities, for instance, for the school system and city departments.[11]
In the late 19th century, the state of Tennessee had already adopted residency requirements, voting process, and
In 1977, the former company town of Bemis just south of Jackson was annexed by the city of Jackson.[16]
In 1977 three city residents filed suit against the city in US District Court, in Buchanan v. City of Jackson (1988), (683 F.Supp. 1515), challenging the structure and electoral system of the city government because the
Similar legal challenges to the electoral and city systems in Clarksville and Chattanooga led to changes in their city charters to establish more numerous members of a city council or board of commission, to be elected from single-member districts. As a result, more African-American and women candidates have been elected as representatives from those jurisdictions.
The dissolution of the former government in Jackson resulted in the need for an elected city school board, since one of the commissioners had previously managed education. The city commissioners chose to consolidate their school system with that of the Madison County, Tennessee school system in 1990, creating the Jackson-Madison County School Board. This was also done to achieve desegregation goals. The nine-member board is elected from six districts across the county; three districts elect two members each and the other three each elect one member. All members are elected for four-year terms, with elections held on a staggered basis every two years. The demographics of the county in 2012 for major ethnic groups were 60.3% white and 37% African American.[17] In 2008 the school system was still under a court order supervising its desegregation progress.[18]
In the post-World War II era, the railroad industry went through restructuring and mergers. (See section below). By the end of 1960s, it sharply reduced passenger service to Jackson; there were related losses of associated industrial jobs supporting the railroads, causing economic problems in the region.
1999 to present
Between 1999 and 2008, several violent
Parts of the
On May 1, 2010, a severe thunderstorm hit Jackson, dropping 13 inches of rain in a short period of time.[19] Flash floods destroyed many homes and streets.[20][21][22]
Railroad history
Jackson developed rapidly just prior to the Civil War as a
The first was the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, which began in October 1849 in Mobile, Alabama. The line first entered Jackson in 1851. These tracks were completely destroyed during the Civil War. The line merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad in 1940 to become the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad.[23] The second railroad to enter Jackson was the Mississippi Central & Tennessee. In 1873, the line was contracted and later controlled by the Illinois Central Railroad.[23]
On December 29, 1886, the Tennessee Midland Railway received a charter to build a railroad from Memphis, Tennessee to the Virginia state line. The line from Memphis to Jackson was completed on June 1, 1888. In 1893, the Tennessee Midland went into receivership and was sold at foreclosure to the L&N Railroad. Around 1968 the remainder of the Tennessee Midland was abandoned east of Cordova with the exception of some track in Jackson, Tennessee. That track is now used to deliver goods to Jackson's east and west industrial parks.
The Tennessee Midland Railway Company line from Memphis to Jackson was the forerunner of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. This line was often referred to as the "NC" by locals. Like all other railroads to enter Jackson, it was built with funds subscribed by citizens and investors of Jackson. The first passenger train entered Jackson from Memphis on June 1, 1888. The highly profitable railroad was merged into the Louisville and Nashville Railroad following WWII. Eventually the L&N was merged into and is now part of CSX Transportation.[23]
A charter was granted by the State of Tennessee on August 16, 1910, and construction began on July l, 1911. The first sector extended from Jackson to the station of Tigrett, and by April 20, 1912, 38 miles (61 km) of the line were ready for operations. On June 16 the remaining 11-mile (18 km) sector was set into service, connecting Dyersburg, Tennessee with Jackson. When the line began operations in 1912, its president was Isaac B. Tigrett, a prominent young banker of Jackson. The railroad became an important local thoroughfare, used to transport much of the produce of the region to market in Jackson and Dyersburg. The Birmingham and Northwestern Railway Company had 4 locomotives, 5 passenger cars, and 92 freight cars. When Isaac B. Tigrett became President of the GM&N in 1920, he ceased to direct the affairs of the Birmingham and Northwestern Railroad Company. After he became president of the GM&O, the railroad was purchased and merged to become the Dyersburg branch.
Passenger trains in the 20th century
Jackson had been a west Tennessee hub for passenger train service. Passengers had direct service to Memphis, Nashville, Meridian, Montgomery, Mobile, Birmingham, Jacksonville, Daytona, Miami, Centralia, Champaign-Urbana, Springfield, Chicago, St. Louis, and New Orleans.[23] From the 1930s to the 1960s, multiple regularly scheduled passenger trains of the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio and the Illinois Central made stops at Union Station.[24]
Gulf, Mobile and Ohio trains included:[25]
- St. Louis, Missouri – Mobile, Alabama)
- The Rebel (Chicago – New Orleans, Louisiana)
Illinois Central trains included:[26][27][28]
- The City of Miami (Chicago, Illinois – Miami, Florida)
- The Floridan (Chicago – Miami)
- The Seminole (Chicago – Jacksonville, Florida)
- Sunchaser (Chicago and St. Louis – Miami)
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.5 square miles (128 km2), all land.
Climate
Jackson has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) within the Köppen climate classification system, with hot, humid summers and cool winters.
Climate data for Jackson, Tennessee (Jackson Exp Stn), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) |
83 (28) |
92 (33) |
91 (33) |
102 (39) |
104 (40) |
107 (42) |
110 (43) |
106 (41) |
99 (37) |
88 (31) |
80 (27) |
110 (43) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 69.4 (20.8) |
73.6 (23.1) |
81.3 (27.4) |
86.2 (30.1) |
89.5 (31.9) |
94.2 (34.6) |
96.9 (36.1) |
97.1 (36.2) |
94.1 (34.5) |
87.7 (30.9) |
79.0 (26.1) |
70.6 (21.4) |
98.6 (37.0) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 48.5 (9.2) |
53.1 (11.7) |
62.3 (16.8) |
72.5 (22.5) |
80.2 (26.8) |
87.5 (30.8) |
90.6 (32.6) |
90.3 (32.4) |
84.8 (29.3) |
74.2 (23.4) |
61.4 (16.3) |
51.7 (10.9) |
71.4 (21.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 37.9 (3.3) |
41.7 (5.4) |
50.6 (10.3) |
60.1 (15.6) |
69.0 (20.6) |
76.7 (24.8) |
80.0 (26.7) |
78.9 (26.1) |
72.4 (22.4) |
60.9 (16.1) |
49.2 (9.6) |
41.3 (5.2) |
59.9 (15.5) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.4 (−2.6) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
38.8 (3.8) |
47.8 (8.8) |
57.9 (14.4) |
65.9 (18.8) |
69.3 (20.7) |
67.4 (19.7) |
60.0 (15.6) |
47.6 (8.7) |
37.0 (2.8) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
48.4 (9.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 11.7 (−11.3) |
16.0 (−8.9) |
22.5 (−5.3) |
32.3 (0.2) |
43.4 (6.3) |
54.7 (12.6) |
60.7 (15.9) |
58.0 (14.4) |
45.3 (7.4) |
32.5 (0.3) |
22.3 (−5.4) |
16.9 (−8.4) |
9.2 (−12.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | −18 (−28) |
−21 (−29) |
7 (−14) |
23 (−5) |
31 (−1) |
41 (5) |
45 (7) |
44 (7) |
30 (−1) |
19 (−7) |
0 (−18) |
−21 (−29) |
−21 (−29) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.29 (109) |
4.65 (118) |
5.75 (146) |
5.46 (139) |
5.33 (135) |
5.08 (129) |
4.99 (127) |
3.57 (91) |
4.07 (103) |
3.97 (101) |
4.45 (113) |
5.28 (134) |
56.89 (1,445) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.1 (2.8) |
0.9 (2.3) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
2.7 (6.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.0 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 121.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Source: NOAA[29][30] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 1,006 | — | |
1860 | 2,407 | 139.3% | |
1870 | 4,119 | 71.1% | |
1880 | 5,377 | 30.5% | |
1890 | 10,039 | 86.7% | |
1900 | 14,511 | 44.5% | |
1910 | 15,779 | 8.7% | |
1920 | 18,860 | 19.5% | |
1930 | 22,172 | 17.6% | |
1940 | 24,332 | 9.7% | |
1950 | 30,207 | 24.1% | |
1960 | 34,376 | 13.8% | |
1970 | 39,996 | 16.3% | |
1980 | 49,258 | 23.2% | |
1990 | 48,949 | −0.6% | |
2000 | 59,643 | 21.8% | |
2010 | 65,211 | 9.3% | |
2020 | 68,205 | 4.6% | |
Sources:[31][32][3] |
Jackson is the larger principal city of the
2020 census
Race | Num. | Perc. |
---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
31,116 | 45.62% |
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
|
29,878 | 43.81% |
Native American
|
109 | 0.16% |
Asian
|
1,097 | 1.61% |
Pacific Islander
|
9 | 0.01% |
Other/Mixed
|
2,509 | 3.68% |
Latino
|
3,487 | 5.11% |
In the 2020 United States census, there were 68,205 people, 25,925 households, and 16,075 families residing in the city.
2010 census
In the
There were 25,191 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were married couples living together, 21.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.59% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 13.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,169, and the median income for a family was $45,938. Males had a median income of $41,085 versus $30,436 for females. The
Crime
As of 2020, the Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee ranked 38th worst in the United States, with 624.6 violent crimes per 100,000 residents.[38]
According to Morgan Quitno's 2010 Metropolitan Crime Rate Rankings [39] the Jackson metropolitan area had the 13th highest crime rate in the United States. In 2007, Jackson ranked 9th most dangerous.[40] In 2006, it had been listed as the 18th most dangerous.[41]
Arts and culture
Rock-A-Billy Hall of Fame
Jackson was the site of the now permanently closed International Rock-A-Billy Hall of Fame Museum, which recognized the contributions of Tennessee musicians to this genre.
Casey Jones Home & Railroad Museum
In 1956, the city of Jackson purchased the Chester Street home of famed locomotive engineer, Casey Jones, to turn into a museum and tourist attraction. The museum opened to the public on April 30, and Governor Frank Clement was the main speaker for the ceremony.[42] In 1978, a proposal to move the home and museum north to a plot of land next to Interstate 40 was approved, though not without much debate. The building was moved that winter.[43][44]
Ned R. McWherter West Tennessee Cultural Arts Center
As of April 2022, a large portion of the historic Downtown area has been officially designated by the Jackson City Council as the Arts District, and is home to the Ned R. McWherter West Tennessee Cultural Arts Center, known locally as "The Ned," as well as The Carnegie Center for Arts and History. Some of the art that is displayed in the area includes murals, performance art shows, galleries, live concerts, and theatrical/ballet productions. The district is also home to a number of small shops.[45]
Carl Perkins Civic Center
Built in 1973, the Carl Perkins Civic Center is a multi purpose events facility with seating for 2,200. It is named for singer Carl Perkins. The center is located on the south side of the downtown square.[46]
Sports
College Athletics
The city of Jackson is home to a number of institutions of higher learning which offer collegiate sports, including Union University, Lane College, and Jackson State Community College.
Union University has won six national titles (NAIA- 1998, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and NCCAA- 2014) in women's basketball. In 2018, the Lady Bulldogs advanced to the Final Four of the NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament.[47] In addition to success in women's basketball, Union boasts NCCAA national titles in volleyball (2003), men's soccer (2004), and softball (2001, 2002, 2004, 2013).[48]
Minor League Baseball
The
Originally known as the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx, the team changed its name to the Generals in 2011.
With the Generals gone in 2021, the
In 2022, the city of Jackson welcomed back professional baseball in the form of the Jackson Rockabillys of the Prospect League. The Rockabillys play in the city-owned The Ballpark at Jackson, which was previously occupied by the city's minor league franchise.[55]
Other sports
The
Jackson Jammers (1992) of the Global Basketball Association (GBA) starting out as the Music City Jammers (1991–92)
In 1974, a little league team from Jackson played in the Little League World Series in Williamsport, PA – to date, the only team from West Tennessee to qualify.[56]
From 1990 to 2011, Jackson hosted the
The Jackson TN Underdawgs have participated in The Basketball Tournament since 2016. The Underdawgs, as their mascot would suggest, have played spoiler in multiple years, defeating some of the tournaments top-ranked teams. In 2021, while ranked the 15-seed, the Underdawgs defeated the number 2-seed in their region. In 2016, they upset the number 1-seed in their region.[57]
Parks and recreation
- Jackson hosts the Miss Tennessee Volunteer Pageant [58] and the Miss Volunteer America Pageant.[59]
- West Tennessee Healthcare Sportsplex is a travel baseball and softball complex completed in 2007.[60]
- A tennis complex in northern Jackson hosts the City Closed tennis tournament.[citation needed]
- Jackson is home to the Rusty's TV & Movie Car Museum, which hosts a collection of cars that have been shown in TV and film, including the green Mitsubishi Eclipse driven by Paul Walker in the original "Fast and Furious."[61]
Education
Colleges and universities
- Jackson State Community College
- Lane College
- Union University
- University of Memphis at Lambuth
- University of Tennessee at Martin – Jackson Center
The following is near the city but in an unincorporated area:
- Tennessee College of Applied Technology at Jackson
Primary and secondary schools
- Jackson Central-Merry Early College High School
- Liberty Technology Magnet High School
- Madison Academic Magnet High School
- North Side High School
- South Side High School
Specialist schools operated by the State of Tennessee include:
Private schools include:
- Jackson Christian School
- Sacred Heart of Jesus High School
- Trinity Christian Academy
- University School of Jackson
Media
Newspaper
Jackson is served by one daily, The Jackson Sun. The Sun is delivered to 13 counties in total and is considered one of western Tennessee's major newspapers.
Television
As of the 2015–2016 television season, the Jackson television market is the smallest market in Tennessee and 176th overall by
Radio
Jackson is serviced by 28 FM and 8 AM radio stations.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Ground transportation
Interstate 40 runs through the city in an east–west direction, connecting the city with Memphis to the west and Nashville to the east. I-40 has six exits in the city. U.S. Route 45 runs in a north–south direction.[64]
The Jackson Transit Authority line provides intra-city bus service,
U.S. Route 70 or State Route 1 runs east to west between Huntingdon and Brownsville.
Air service
Healthcare
West Tennessee Healthcare (Jackson-Madison County General Hospital District), created by a law passed by the Tennessee General Assembly in 1949, serves as the public hospital system of the city of Jackson. The city appoints some of the members of the board of directors.[67]
Notable people
- Jessi Alexander, singer/songwriter
- Allison Alderson, former Miss Tennessee
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centerin Houston
- Micajah Autry, hero of The Alamo, practiced law in Jackson from 1831 to 1835
- Big Maybelle, R & B singer
- Dick Davis, football player
- Gene Evans, actor, relocated to Jackson after appearing in the film Walking Tall
- Steve Fossett, aviator, first man to fly solo non-stop around the world in a hot air balloon, born in Jackson
- Greg Goff, head baseball coach at Purdue
- Jabari Greer, football player
- Hayes Nance, orthodontist
- Thomas Harris, author noted for his bestseller The Silence of the Lambs, born in Jackson
- Sylvester Hicks, NFL player
- Joe Hunter, pianist, one of The Funk Brothers studio band, played on many Motown hits in the 1960s
- David Crockettfor Congress in 1835
- Luther Ingram, singer
- Casey Jones, Illinois Central Railroad engineer who, before colliding with a stalled freight train near Vaughan, Mississippi, told his fireman to jump to safety; Jones died at the throttle and saved the lives of all the passengers
- Christopher Jones, actor, born in Jackson
- Ed "Too Tall" Jones, football player
- Jacoby Jones, football player attended Lane College in Jackson
- Van Jones, environmental advocate, civil rights activist, lawyer, born in Jackson
- Fred Lane, football player attended Lane College in Jackson
- Denise LaSalle, blues singer, known as "Queen of the Blues", resident and business owner in Jackson for many years
- Ron Lollar, Tennessee state representative
- Wink Martindale, game show host
- Mike Norton, comic book artist and writer, known for his work on Battlepug
- Kenny Parchman, rockabilly musician
- JR Payne, women's basketball head coach, University of Colorado
- Carl Perkins, singer, lived for years in Jackson; the Civic Center is named for him[68]
- Casey Prather (born 1991), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Lauren Pritchard, soul singer, songwriter and actress, known by her stage name Lolo; born and spent her childhood in Jackson
- Ron Reynolds, Texas politician, born in Jackson in 1973
- Joe Rogers, Sr.co-founder of Waffle House, born in Jackson in 1919
- Josh Robbins, HIV/AIDS activist, blogger, social media marketer, talent agent, grew up in Jackson
- Gil Scott-Heron, musician born in Chicago, Illinois, spent his early childhood in Jackson, at the home of his maternal grandmother[69]
- Charles Alexander Shaw, United States District Court judge
- Trey Teague, football player
- Isaac Burton Tigrett, co-founder of the Hard Rock Cafe chain of themed restaurants[70]
- Al Wilson, football player
See also
References
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- ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved July 18, 2019.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "Jackson". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
- ^ Madison County, Tennessee, TNGenWeb Project. (1887). History of Tennessee. Goodspeed Publishing Company. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ [1] Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h BUCHANAN v. CITY OF JACKSON, 683 F. Supp. 1515 (W.D. Tenn. 1988), Case Text website
- ^ Battles in Tennessee Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A Woman Lynched", The New York Times, August 20, 1886.
- ^ Paula J. Giddings. Ida: A Sword Among Lions. Harper Collins, 2009, pp. 117, 152.
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- ^ "Jackson-Madison County School System, Tennessee", Ballotpedia
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- ^ "Flooding and 14 Tornadoes across the Mid-South on May 1 & 2, 2010". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ Simer, Tracie (May 1, 2010). "SUBMERGED: Flash floods cause outages, sink holes, road closings". The Jackson Sun. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ Thomas, Will. "TSLA::"Disasters in Tennessee"". Tennessee State Library and Archives. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ "At least 5 dead in Tennessee flooding; tornado warnings in Arkansas". CNN. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "How the Railroads Came to Jackson" (PDF). Cityofjackson.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2007.
- ^ Library of Congress, Union Station, North Royal Street, Jackson, Madison County, TN https://www.loc.gov/item/tn0100/
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- ^ 'Official Guide of the Railways,' August 1936, Illinois Central section, additional reference documenting 'Floridan' spelling
- ^ "Illinois Central, Table 4". Official Guide of the Railways. 82 (3). National Railway Publication Company. August 1949.
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- ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
- ^ "Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components, December 2006, With Codes". May 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 26, 2007.
- ^ "Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Components, December 2006, With Codes". June 29, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.
- ^ "Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas, December 2006, With Codes". June 29, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2022". July 1, 2022.
- ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
- ^ "Metropolitan areas with the highest violent crime rate in the United States in 2020". Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
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