Open-mid back rounded vowel
Open-mid back rounded vowel | |||
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ɔ | |||
IPA Number | 306 | ||
Audio sample | |||
help | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɔ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0254 | ||
X-SAMPA | O | ||
Braille | |||
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IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,
In English, the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ (or ⟨ɔː⟩) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in
In Received Pronunciation and Australian English, the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the LOT vowel /ɒ/. The contrast between /ɔː/ and /ɒ/ is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid [oː] and the latter as open-mid [ɔ], similarly to the contrast between /o/ and /ɔ/ found in German, Italian and Portuguese.[2][3][6]
Features
- Its low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its .
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | Tosk | tortë | [ˈtɔɾtə] | 'cake' | |
Armenian | Eastern[7] | հողմ hoġm | [hɔʁm] | 'storm' | |
Assamese | কৰ / kor | [kɔɹ] | 'to do' | May also be transcribed as fully low [ɒ] or "over-rounded" [ɒ̹] | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[8] | wås | [β̞ɔs] | 'what' | Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[8] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. |
Bengali[9] | অর্থ ortho | [ɔrt̪ʰo] | 'meaning' | See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian[10] | род rod | [rɔt̪] | 'kin' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan[11] | soc | [ˈsɔk] | 'clog' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese |
我 ngo5 | [ŋɔː˩˧] | 'I, me, my' | See Cantonese phonology |
Hokkien | 某 bó͘ | [bɔ⁵²] | 'wife' | See Hokkien phonology
| |
Cipu | Tirisino dialect[12] | kødø | [kɔ̟̀ɗɔ̟́] | 'cut down!' | Near-back.[13] |
Danish | Standard[14][15] | kort | [ˈkʰɔːt] | 'map' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒː⟩. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard Belgian[16] | och | ⓘ | 'alas' | 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[17] strongly pharyngealized[18] (although less so in standard Belgian[19]) and somewhat fronted.[16][20] See Dutch phonology |
Standard Northern[20] | |||||
English | Australian[2] | not | ⓘ | 'not' | See Australian English phonology |
Estuary[21] | |||||
New Zealand[22] | May be somewhat fronted.[23] Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
Received Pronunciation[3][6] | /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP. | ||||
General American
|
thought | [θɔːt] | 'thought' | Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower [ɒ]. (It is rarely lowered to /ɒ/ before liquids /l ɹ/, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, /ɔ˞/.) | |
Scottish[24] | Most Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality. | ||||
Sheffield[25] | goat | [ɡɔːt] | 'goat' | Common realization of the GOAT vowel particularly for males. | |
Newfoundland[26] | but | [bɔt] | 'but' | Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[26] See English phonology | |
Faroese | lálla | [ˈlɔtla] | 'seal flipper' | See Faroese phonology | |
French | Parisian[27] | sotte | ⓘ | 'silly' (f.) | The Parisian realization has been variously described as a back vowel [ɔ] centralized to [ɞ] before /ʁ/[27] and central [ɞ].[28] See French phonology |
Galician | home | [ˈɔmɪ] | 'man' | See Galician phonology | |
Georgian[29] | სწორი stsori |
[st͡sʼɔɾi] | 'correct' | ||
German | Standard[30] | voll | ⓘ | 'full' | See Standard German phonology |
Hindustani | Hindi | कौन /kaun |
[kɔːn] | 'who' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | کَون /kaun
| ||||
Italian[31] | parola |
ⓘ | 'word' | Near-back.[31] See Italian phonology | |
Javanese | ꦫꦱ / råså | [rɔsɔ] | taste, feeling | ||
Kaingang[32] | pó | [ˈpɔ] | 'stone' | ||
Kera[33] | [dɔ̟̀l] | 'hard earth' | Near-back.[33] | ||
Kokborok |
kwrwi | [kɔrɔi] | 'not' | ||
mòn | [mɔːn] | 'moon' | Lower [ɔ̞ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[36] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect. | ||
Lower Sorbian[37] | pšosba | [ˈpʂɔz̪bä] | 'a request' | ||
Low German |
Most dialects | stok | [stɔk] | 'stick' | May be more open [ɒ] in the Low Prussian dialects.
|
Various dialects | slaap | [slɔːp] | 'sleep' | May be as low as [ɒː] and as high as [oː] in other dialects. | |
Southern Eastphalian | brâd[38] | [brɔːt] | 'bread' | Corresponds to [oː], [ou̯], [ɔu̯], [ɛo̯] in other dialects. | |
Luxembourgish[39] |
Sonn | [zɔn] | 'son' | Possible realization of /o/.[39] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | Standard | sotong | [sotɔŋ] | 'squid' | Possible realization of /o/ and /u/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology |
Negeri Sembilan | كيت / kita
|
[kitɔ] | 'we' (inclusive) | See Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
Kelantan-Pattani | بياسا / biasa
|
[bɛsɔ] | 'normal' | See Kelatan-Pattani Malay | |
Norwegian | Some dialects[40] | så |
[sɔː] | 'so' | Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects.[40] See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | òda | [ɔðɔ] | 'ode' | See Occitan phonology | |
Odia | ଅର୍ଥ | [ɔɾtʰɔ] | 'meaning' | ||
Polish[41] | kot | ⓘ | 'cat' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | Most dialects[42][43] | fofoca | [fɔˈfɔ̞kɐ] | 'gossip' | Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [o̞ o ʊ u], varies according to dialect. |
Some speakers[44] | bronca | [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] | 'scolding' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
Russian | Some speakers[45] | сухой sukhoy | [s̪ʊˈxɔj] | 'dry' | More commonly realized as mid [o̞].[45] See Russian phonology |
Slovak | Standard[46] | ohúriť | [ˈɔɦu̞ːri̞c] | 'to stun' | See Slovak phonology |
Swedish | Standard | moll | [mɔlː] | 'minor scale' | See Swedish phonology |
Tagalog | oyayi | [ʔɔˈjajɪ] | 'lullaby' | See Tagalog phonology | |
Thai | งอ ngo | [ŋɔː˧] | 'to bend' | ||
Temne[47] | pɔn | [pɔ̟̀n] | 'swamp' | Near-back.[47] | |
Ukrainian[48] | любов lyubov | [lʲuˈbɔw] | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian[37][49] | pos | [pɔs̪] | 'dog' | See Upper Sorbian phonology
| |
Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | |
West Frisian[50] | rôt | [rɔːt] | 'rat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba[51] | [ example needed ] |
Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead.[51] |
See also
Notes
- vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b c Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ a b c Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ Wells (1982)
- ^ a b Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Khan (2010:222)
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
- ^ McGill (2014), p. 308.
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:47)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Wells (1982:305)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson:74)
- ^ a b Wells (1982:498)
- ^ a b Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:225)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
- ^ a b Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677, 682)
- ^ a b Pearce (2011:251)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
- ^ Schambach, Gerog (1858), "Wörterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer Göttingen und Grubenhagen oder GöttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010:26)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:56)
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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