OpenStreetMap
Available in | 96 languages and variants,[1] local languages for map data |
---|---|
Country of origin | United Kingdom |
Owner | OpenStreetMap Foundation |
Created by | Steve Coast |
Products | Editable geographic data, tiled web map layer |
URL | www |
Commercial | No |
Registration | Required for contributors, not required for viewing |
Users | 10.6 million[2] |
Launched | 9 August 2004[3] |
Current status | Active |
Content license | Open Database License |
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free, open
OpenStreetMap was created by Steve Coast in response to the Ordnance Survey, the United Kingdom's national mapping agency, failing to release its data to the public under free licences in 2004. Initially, maps were created only via GPS traces, but it was quickly populated by importing public domain geographical data such as the U.S. TIGER and by tracing permitted aerial photography or satellite imagery. OpenStreetMap's adoption was accelerated by Google Maps's introduction of pricing in 2012 and the development of supporting software and applications.
The database is hosted by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, a non-profit organisation registered in England and Wales and is funded mostly via donations. Meta (formerly Facebook) launched its distribution called Daylight, based on OSM in 2020. The Linux Foundation's Overture Maps Foundation released their first open map data based on OSM and other sources in July 2023.
History
In April 2007,
In 2012, the launch of pricing for
In March 2020, Facebook announced the initial release of "Daylight Map Distribution", a quality checked snapshot of OpenStreetMap [19] In mid-December 2022, the Linux Foundation announced the launch of a new mapping collaboration, the Overture Maps Foundation.[20] Its stated mission is "powering current and next-generation map products by creating reliable, easy-to-use, and interoperable open map data." Overture founding members were Amazon Web Services (AWS), Meta, Microsoft and TomTom.[21][22][23] Overture is to be complementary to OpenStreetMap, and Overture encourages members to contribute data directly to OpenStreetMap.[24] Overture released alpha dataset consisting of Places of Interest (POIs), Buildings, Transportation Network and Administrative Boundaries layers sourced on 26 July 2023. 59 million worldwide place data support navigation, local search and other applications.[25]
OSM Data
Data structure
OpenStreetMap uses a topological data structure, with four core elements (also known as data primitives):
- Nodes are points with a geographic position, stored as coordinates (pairs of a WGS 84. Outside of their usage in ways, they are used to represent map features without a size, such as points of interest or mountain peaks.[26]
- Ways are ordered lists of nodes, representing a
- Relations are ordered lists of nodes, ways and relations (together called "members"), where each member can optionally have a "role" (a string). Relations are used for representing the relationship of existing nodes and ways. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes that span several existing ways (for instance, a long-distance motorway), and areas with holes.[26]
- ontology of map features (the meaning of tags) is maintained on a wiki. New tagging schemes can always be proposed by a popular vote of a written proposal in OpenStreetMap wiki, however, there is no requirement to follow this process. There are over 89 million different kinds of tags in use as of June 2017.[27]
The OpenStreetMap data primitives are stored and processed in different formats. OpenStreetMap server uses PostgreSQL database, with one table for each data primitive, with individual objects stored as rows.[28][29] From this, several database dumps are created, which are available for download. The complete dump is called planet.osm. These dumps exist in two formats, one using XML and one using the Protocol Buffer Binary Format (PBF).[citation needed]
License
OpenStreetMap data and derived tiles were originally published under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence (CC BY-SA) with the intention of promoting free use and redistribution of the data. In September 2012, the licence was changed to the Open Database Licence (ODbL) published by Open Data Commons (ODC) in order to define its bearing on data rather than representation more specifically.[30][31] As part of this relicensing process, some of the map data was removed from the public distribution. This included all data contributed by members that did not agree to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects. It also included any data contributed based on input data that was not compatible with the new terms. Estimates suggested that over 97% of data would be retained globally, but certain regions would be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24 to 84% of objects would be retained, depending on the type of object.[32] Ultimately, more than 99% of the data was retained, with Australia and Poland being the countries most severely affected by the change.[33]
All data added to the project needs to have a licence compatible with the Open Database Licence. This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licences. Software used in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data may have separate licensing terms.
Map tiles provided by the OpenStreetMap project were licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.0 until 1 August 2020. The ODbL license requires attribution to be attached to maps produced from OpenStreetMap data, but does not require that any particular license be applied to those maps. "©OpenStreetMap Contributors" with link to ODbL copyright page as attribution requirement is used on the site.[34]
Map making
Data sources
Map data is collected by ground survey, personal knowledge, digitizing from imagery, and government data. Ground survey data is collected by volunteers traditionally using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, a notebook, digital camera and voice recorder. Software applications on smartphones (mobile devices) have made it easy for anybody to survey. The data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database using a number of software tools including JOSM and Merkaator. Mapathon competition events are also held by local OpenStreetMap teams and by non-profit organisations and local governments to map a particular area.
The availability of aerial photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing and automated imports. Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems.
Surveys and personal knowledge
Ground surveys are performed by a mapper, on foot, bicycle, or in a car, motorcycle, or boat. Map data was typically recorded on a GPS unit or on a smart phone with mapping app. Once the data has been collected, it is entered into the database by uploading it onto the project's website together with appropriate attribute data. As collecting and uploading data may be separated from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible without using a GPS unit, e.g. by using Paper mapping.
Similar to users contributing data using GPS unit, corporations (e.g. Amazon) with large vehicle fleets use telemetry data from the vehicles to contribute data to OpenStreetMap.[35]
Some committed contributors adopt the task of mapping whole towns and cities, or organising mapping parties to gather the support of others to complete a map area. A large number of less active users contribute corrections and small additions to the map.[citation needed]
Satellite/Aerial images
imagery which are used as a backdrop for map production.Street-level image data
Data from several street-level image platforms are available as map data photo overlays.
Government data
Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licences. This includes the United States, where works of the federal government are placed under public domain. In the United States, most roads originate from TIGER from the Census Bureau.[37] Geographic names were initially sourced from Geographic Names Information System, and some areas contain water features from the National Hydrography Dataset. In the UK, some Ordnance Survey OpenData is imported. In Canada Natural Resources Canada's CanVec vector data and GeoBase provide landcover and streets.[citation needed]
Globally, OpenStreetMap initially used the prototype global shoreline from NOAA. Due to it being oversimplified and crude, it has been mainly replaced by other government sources or manual tracing.[citation needed]
Contributors
The project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and "on-the-ground" situation in the process of data collection.
By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered contributors; by March 2009, there were 100,000 and by the end of 2009 the figure was nearly 200,000. In April 2012, OpenStreetMap cleared 600,000 registered contributors.[43] On 6 January 2013, OpenStreetMap reached one million registered users.[44] Around 30% of users have contributed at least one point to the OpenStreetMap database.[45][46]
As per a study conducted in 2011, only 38% of members carried out at least one edit and only 5% of members created more than 1000 nodes. Most members are in Europe (72%).[47] According to another study, when a competing maps platform is launched, OSM attracts fewer new contributors and pre-existing contributors increase their level of contribution possibly driven by their ideological attachment to the platform. Overall, there is a negative effect on the quantum of contributions.[48]
Commercial contributors
Some companies freely license satellite/aerial/street imagery sources from which OpenStreetMap contributors trace roads and features, while other companies make data available for importing map data.
According to a study, nearly 17% of all edits to the map came from corporate teams during 2019–2020. The top 13 corporate contributors during 2014–2020 include Apple, Kaart, Amazon, Facebook, Mapbox, Digital Egypt, Grab, Microsoft, Telenav, Developmentseed, Uber, Lightcyphers and Lyft.[50] There was some vandalism on some occasions attributed to corporate editors.[51][52]
Non-governmental organisations
Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) is a nonprofit organisation promoting community mapping across the world. It developed the open source HOT Tasking Manager for collaboration, and contributed to mapping efforts after the
Software
OpenStreetMap applications utilize multiple components to provide services. The map data is rendered using pre-generated tiles for various levels of zoom. Editing applications typically support display of imagery, and field mapping data in the form of GPS traces and voice, photo, video annotations to aid in editing map. JOSM, ID, StreetComplete, Rapid, Potlatch are the top 5 editing tools for contributions during 2018–2023 according to a study by Heigit.[54]
OSM Website with integrated iD editor
The web site provides a slippy map interface based on the Leaflet JavaScript library (and formerly built on OpenLayers), displaying map tiles rendered by the Mapnik rendering engine[55] The basic map views offered are Standard, Cycle map, Transport map and Humanitarian. In February 2015, OpenStreetMap added route planning functionality to the map on its official website.[56][57]
iD[58] is used for editing on OSM website. It was originally developed by Mapbox, with initial financing from the Knight Foundation and is available under open source.[59] It uses Ruby on Rails to enable users to edit maps and view changelogs. The application interfaces with OSM PostgreSQL database for storage of user data and edit metadata. The default map is rendered by Mapnik, stored in PostGIS, and powered by an Apache module called mod_tile. The map data can be edited utilising the satellite/aerial imagery, GPS traces, and local knowledge.
Nominatim[60] (from the Latin, 'by name') is a tool to search OpenStreetMap data by name and address (geocoding) and then to generate synthetic addresses of OpenStreetMap points (reverse geocoding). Data from Nominatim and GeoNames are used for the search functionality in OSM website.[61]
Other desktop/web based applications
"RapiD" is a web based editor derived from iD. It is developed and used by Facebook for "map with ai" project to add artificial intelligence (AI) detected maps of roads to OSM.[62] JOSM, Potlatch,[63] and Merkaartor[64] are more powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited for advanced users.
Mobile applications
Vespucci[65] is the primary full-featured editor for Android; it has been regularly released since 2009. StreetComplete, an Android app launched in 2016,[66] allows users without any OpenStreetMap knowledge to answer simple questions for existing data in OpenStreetMap, and thus contribute data.
Quality
As OSM is a crowd sourced project with complex tagging scheme, there is potential for introduction of unintentional errors and intentional errors. Contributors use history menu on the OSM website, tools like OSMcha, OSM Inspector and Osmose to monitor, review and fix errors.
OpenStreetMap data has been favourably compared with proprietary datasources,[67] although as of 2009[update] data quality varied across the world.[68][69] A study in 2011 compared OSM data with TomTom for Germany. For car navigation TomTom has 9% more information, while for the entire street network, OSM has 27% more information.[70]
Mobile applications for general usage
OsmAnd, Locus Map, Maps.me, and Organic Maps are some of the mobile applications for general public use. Some of these also support editing OSM.
OSM community
Humanitarian aid
The
After Haiti, the OpenStreetMap community continued mapping to support humanitarian organisations for various crises and disasters. After the
Derivative map projects
Several open collaborative mapping projects integrate with the OpenStreetMap database or are otherwise affiliated with the OpenStreetMap project:
- OpenHistoricalMap is a world historical map based on the OpenStreetMap software platform.[77]
- OpenRailwayMap is a detailed online map of the world's railway infrastructure, built on OpenStreetMap data. It has been available since mid-2013 at openrailwaymap.org.[78]
- OpenSeaMap is a world nautical chart built as a mashup of OpenStreetMap, crowdsourced water depth tracks, and third-party weather and bathymetric data.
- Wheelmap.org is a portal for mapping, browsing, and reviewing wheelchair-accessible places.
OSM based companies
"State of the Map" conferences
Since 2007, the OpenStreetMap community has held an annual, international conference called State of the Map (SotM) where all stake holders gather to share progress and discuss issues.[6] There are also various national, regional and continental SotM conferences, such as SotM U.S., SotM Baltics, SotM Asia & SotM Africa.
Organisations using OSM
A variety of popular services incorporate some sort of
Navigation users include Amazon, Tesla,[87] Garmin, Moovit (public transit navigation),[88] Organic Maps,[89] Geotab,[90] Komoot (hiking and cycling guide),[91] and Gurtam.[92]
Game developer users include Ballardia (
).Some innovative applications include Webots creating a virtual environment for autonomous vehicle simulations[98] and OpenTopoMap rendering topographic maps based on OpenStreetMap data and on SRTM data.[99]
The Overture Maps Foundation is dedicated to releasing open geodata, and is explicitly aliged with and intended to be complementary to, OSM. It encourages its contributors to contribute to OSM.[100]
OSM based research
OpenStreetMap data was used in scientific studies. For example, road data was used for research of remaining roadless areas[101] and in the creation of the annual Forest Landscape Integrity Index.[102]
See also
- Collaborative mapping – Aggregation of web mapping and user content
- Neogeography – Amateur-focused geography
- Turn-by-turn navigation – Feature of GPS navigation devices
- Volunteered geographic information – Type of user-generated content
- Google Map Maker – Collaborative mapping tool
- Waze – Mobile GPS navigation app
- Komoot – Mobile navigation app
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Bibliography
Foody, Giles; et al. (2017). Mapping and the Citizen Sensor. London:
Further reading
- Bennett, Jonathan (2010). OpenStreetMap: Be Your Own Cartographer. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84719-750-4.
- Ramm, Frederik; Topf, Jochen; Chilton, Steve (2010). OpenStreetMap: Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World. UIT Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-906860-11-0.
External links