Open system (systems theory)
An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the concept. An open system is contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment. An open system is also known as a flow system.
The concept of an open system was formalized within a framework that enabled one to interrelate the
In the
The definition of an open system assumes that there are supplies of energy that cannot be depleted; in practice, this energy is supplied from some source in the surrounding environment, which can be treated as infinite for the purposes of study. One type of open system is the
Social sciences
In the
Structural functionalists such as Talcott Parsons and neofunctionalists such as Niklas Luhmann have incorporated system theory to describe society and its components.
The sociology of religion finds both open and closed systems within the field of religion.[7][8]
Thermodynamics
See the book[9]
Systems engineering
See also
- Business process
- Complex system
- Dynamical system
- Glossary of systems theory
- Ludwig von Bertalanffy
- Maximum power principle
- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
- Open system (computing)
- Open System Environment Reference Model
- Openness
- Open and Closed Systems in Social Science
- Phantom loop
- Thermodynamic system
References
- ^ Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995; pp. 6-7
- ^ Glossary Archived 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine Maxwell Demon, 1998.
- ^ Axelos, K. ([2006] 1984). "The World: Being Becoming Totality," from Systematique ouverte (Trans. Gerald Moore, Les Editions de Minuit: Paris). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 24, 643-651.
- ^ Althusser, L. ([2005] 1969). For Marx. London: Verso Books, Ch. 3: "Contradiction and Overdetermination," [1].
- ^ RSA Animate - David Harvey, The Crises of Capitalism: [2].
- ^ Harvey, D. (2005). The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press USA, Ch. 3: "Accumulation by Dispossession," 137-182.
- ^
Henderson, Ian H.; Oegema, Gerbern S.; Parks Ricker, Sara, eds. (2006). The Changing Face of Judaism, Christianity, and Other Greco-Roman Religions in Antiquity. Volume 2 of Studien zu den Jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. p. 21. ISBN 9783579053615. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
The example of setting up new cults demonstrates how widely spread religious competence is in this open system [...].
- ^
Rich, John Martin (1971). Humanistic Foundations of Education. C. A. Jones Publishing Company. p. 31. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
No matter how definitive the evidence produced to the contrary, religionists deny that it in any way falsifies their knowledge-claims. Religion is not an open system.
- Bibcode:2020tcsp.book.....P.
Further reading
- Khalil, E.L. (1995). Nonlinear thermodynamics and social science modeling: fad cycles, cultural development and identificational slips. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 54, Issue 4, pp. 423–438.
- Weber, B.H. (1989). Ethical Implications Of The Interface Of Natural And Artificial Systems. Delicate Balance: Technics, Culture and Consequences: Conference Proceedings for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
External links
- OPEN SYSTEM, Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007.