Operation Bolo
Operation Bolo | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Vietnam War | |||||||
8th TFW F-4C Phantom II, circa in 1967 | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United States Air Force | Vietnam People's Air Force | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Daniel James, Jr. | Tran Manh | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
56 F-4C Phantom IIs (28 participated) |
16 MiG-21 'Fishbeds' (8 or 9 engaged) | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
None |
US claim: 5 MiG-21PFL lost (c/n 1812, 1908, 1909, 2106, 2206) |
Operation Bolo was a United States Air Force mission during the Vietnam War, considered to be a successful combat ruse.[1]
The mission was a response to the heavy losses sustained during the
The battle prompted VPAF pilots and strategists, as well as
Background
Opposing aircraft
The F-4 Phantom II had been in operational service with the United States Air Force since 1964. The latest fighter in American service, the F-4 had powerful engines, excellent handling, and an air-to-air configuration of eight air-to-air missiles. However, the Phantom suffered from a lack of maneuverability, as its original conception as a fleet defense interceptor dictated that air combat would occur at beyond visual range with radar-guided missiles. It also had engines that tended to produce large amounts of smoke, making it highly visible in combat.[2]
The F-4's missile armament consisted of the
The F-4's primary adversary during this engagement was the Soviet-built
A small, light fighter, its low wing loadings were excellent for air combat maneuvering and its small size made it difficult to spot even when its adversary was warned of its presence. Typically, the MiG-21 was used in hit-and-run tactics; being vectored by Ground Control Intercept (GCI) to an intercept position to the vulnerable rear of an American strike formation, then executing a missile attack and diving away before fighter cover could intervene. Scoring its first kill on October 5, 1966,[4] in December intercepting MiG-21s shot down two F-105s and forced 20% of all strike sorties to jettison their bombloads.[3]
The MiG threat
The agility of the MiG-21 and the VPAF tactic of high-speed slashing attacks from astern under GCI control posed a challenge to American pilots, who had become predictable by staging large formation strikes from Thailand flying roughly the same routes and times of day allowing the VPAF to challenge them with a relatively small force of 15 or 16 MiG-21 fighters used as point defense interceptors.
The USAF pilots were constrained by their
"Operation Bolo" was created to deal with the new MiG threat. Since October the F-105s had been equipped with
MiG interceptions had consequently increased, primarily due to MiG-21s using high-speed hit-and-run tactics against bomb-laden F-105 formations, and although only two bombers had been lost, the threat to the force was perceived as serious. Bombing of North Vietnamese airfields was still forbidden at the start of 1967, and 8th TFW wing commander Colonel Robin Olds proposed an aerial ambush as the best means of mitigating the threat.[6]
Robin Olds
Colonel
Planning Operation Bolo
Olds assigned the planning of Operation Bolo to a quartet of veteran junior officers in his wing: the wing tactics officer Capt. John B. Stone, 1st Lt. Joseph Hicks, 1st Lt. Ralph F. Wetterhahn, and Maj. James D. Covington. Working under the tightest security, the pilots assigned to fly the mission would not be briefed until December 30.[8]
The group planned for a coordinated mission by a "west force" of seven flights of F-4Cs from the 8th TFW at Ubon and an "east force" of seven flights of F-4Cs from the
The planners determined that if the MiGs reacted, their fuel endurance from takeoff to landing would extend to a maximum of 55 minutes. Arrival times of the F-4 flights over the targeted airfields were set five minutes apart to ensure continuous coverage and maximum opportunities for engagement in the target area, and to attempt to run surviving MiGs out of fuel by preventing them from landing. The mission was also planned so that no other US aircraft would be present, allowing the first three flights of F-4s "missile-free" engagement without having to first identify the target as required by Seventh Air Force rules of engagement.[9][10]
Everything hinged on getting the MiGs airborne; if they didn't take the bait, then the plan would not come to fruition. In order to deceive the North Vietnamese, the west force had to fly the same ingress routes, altitudes, and speeds as the F-105, use the same
The F-4s were fitted out with the QRC-160 jamming pods normally carried only by F-105s, so that their electronic signature would be the same, and the F-4s would also fly the inflexible line-abreast pod formations used by the F-105s to maximize pod effectiveness. The pods had to be mounted on one of the fuel tank wing pylons, forcing the F-4s to carry a centerline and single wing tank, creating an asymmetric imbalance that made takeoffs difficult (the aircraft would try to roll on liftoff to the side carrying the wing tank).[11]
The operation plan was presented to Gen.
Col. Olds also charged his maintenance crews with inspecting, cleaning, and repairing all equipment on the aircraft assigned to the mission, a task that took several days. As soon as the F-4s were equipped with the QRC-160 Electronic Countermeasures Pods, the date of the attack was set for January 1, 1967.[8][10]
Executing the mission
The mission was delayed because of bad weather and rescheduled for January 2. The mission launched from Ubon that afternoon after another hour's delay, and Olds, leading the first flight, arrived over Phúc Yên Air Base at 1500 local time. Flying southeast on the ingress route used by F-105s, the mission drew no defensive reaction, and Olds found that a floor of thick clouds blanketed the area below, concealing any view of MiGs taking off.[10]
Unknown to Olds, the North Vietnamese GCI controllers had delayed takeoffs by approximately 15 minutes because of the overcast. He reversed course and flew to the northwest. When three minutes had passed without contact, and with Ford flight almost in the area, he canceled the missile-free option.[10] Just as Ford flight arrived in the target area, the first MiGs emerged from the clouds below.
Olds flight
The first attack came as the second flight of F-4s was also entering the area. Olds' flight immediately dropped fuel tanks and lit afterburners to engage three MiGs that, although apparently emerging at random, actually had been directed to have the first appear at the flight's "six" (rear) and the next two moments later at its "ten" (left front), presenting one MiG with a tail-shooting solution and tactical surprise. All three flights that engaged MiGs later reported encountering this tactic.
Olds 02, flown by mission planner Ralph Wetterhahn, scored the first kill by shooting the MiG with an AIM-7 Sparrow as Olds 01, flown by Col. Olds, fired three missiles that failed either to launch or guide. Olds stated:
The battle started when the MiGs began to get out of the cloud cover. Unfortunately for me, the first one appeared in my 'six o'clock'. I think it was more an accident than a planned tactic. As a matter of fact, in the next few minutes many other MiGs started to exit from the clouds from different positions.
I was lucky. The flight behind me saw the MiGs and tried to divert its attention. I broke to the left, sharply enough to get away of his line of fire, hoping that my wingman would take care of him. Meanwhile another MiG came out of the clouds, turning widely about my '11 o'clock' at a distance of 2,000 yards. He went into the clouds again and I tried to follow.
A third enemy plane appeared in my '10 o'clock', from the right to the left: in simple words, almost in the opposite direction. The first MiG zoomed away and I engaged the afterburner to get in an attack position against this new enemy. I reared up my aircraft in a 45 degree angle, inside his turn. He was turning to the left, so I pulled the stick and barrel-rolled to the right. Thanks to this maneuver, I found myself above him, half upside down. I held it until the MiG finished his turn, calculating the time so that, if I could keep on turning behind him, I would get on his tail, with a deflection angle of 20 degrees, at a distance of 1,500 yards. That was exactly what happened. He never saw me. Behind and lower than him, I could clearly see his silhouette against the sun when I launched two Sidewinders. One of them impacted and tore apart his right wing.[12]
The vertical maneuver, known as a "vector roll," positioned his Phantom above the tighter-turning MiG-21, then when it completed its turn, Olds dropped in behind it and fired two AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. One struck the MiG's right wing and tore it off. The MiG went into a spiral and disappeared into the clouds below, the second kill of the battle. At nearly the same time, Olds 04, flown by Capt. Walter S. Radeker III, spotted a MiG tracking his element lead and maneuvered to engage it. Radeker was unable to get a consistently good tone (which would indicate
Ford flight
Ford flight, led by 8th TFW Vice Commander Colonel
At 15:04 my flight was attacked by three MiGs, two from the '10 o'clock' and one from the '6 o'clock'. Initially I didn't see this last one because I had been concentrating on those approaching head-on. My WSO excitedly warned me about this rapidly approaching MiG, which was within firing range of my #3 and #4. I hesitated a while before interrupting my attack against the two MiGs in front, because I had seen the 'Olds' flight passing below us a few seconds before. I thought that the plane seen by my WSO could be one of them. Despite that, I suddenly turned left and then right, and caught sight of the third MiG. I ordered to my numbers 3 and 4 to break right. As they did so, the MiG broke left for some mysterious reason and for a split second we were side by side. We were so close that, besides the red stars in his wings, I could clearly see the pilot's face. I began a horizontal barrel roll to get away from him and into an attack position, once in position, I launched a Sidewinder. The missile missed because the evading MiG broke left at full throttle. But when he did it, he put himself in the line of fire of my number 2, Captain Everett T. Raspberry. I ordered him to follow the prey, because the two aircraft that I initially saw had been placed in my forward sector. I was in an advantageous position, so I fired two AIM-9s against them in a quick sequence, and I turned to place myself as wingman of my #2, Captain Raspberry. [...] I kept on descending besides Captain Raspberry and I remember that I thought that he was still out of the optimal launching envelope. But he performed a barrel roll that placed him in a perfect position again and he launched an AIM-9 which hit against the tail section of the MiG-21. It was shaken violently and later fell in a slow, almost plane spin.[12]
James, preoccupied with two MiGs approaching Ford flight head-on, was attacked from the rear by a MiG-21. He executed a horizontal barrel roll, got behind his attacker, and fired an AIM-9 that the MiG evaded. However, the maneuver placed the MiG in front of Raspberry, who shot it down with a missile hit behind the cockpit. After Ford 02 scored its kill, Ford flight left the scene without loss, its success due partially to the high-speed maneuverability of the F-4 at 17,000 ft (5,200 m).[13]
Rambler flight
Rambler flight, the third into the area, was led by Captain John B. Stone, the wing tactics officer and one of the architects of Operation Bolo. When Rambler entered the engagement, Stone spotted a pair of MiGs popping up through a break in the clouds, dove and launched an AIM-7 Sparrow, which failed to ignite. Stone fired again a second Sparrow that successfully guided to one of the MiGs. Observing a third MiG behind him, he coordinated his maneuvers with his wingman and steered the MiG into the line of fire of Major Philip P. Combies (Rambler 04). He saw the battle in this way:
We flew at 13,440 feet (4,100 meters) above sea level and our speed was 540 knots [1,000 km/h]. A little bit after completing a turn to the northwest, we identified a patrol of four MiG-21s in spread formation at a distance of 5 miles –about 8 km- at '2 o'clock' and below us. Two more MiGs appeared 2 miles –about 3 km - behind... When the MiGs crossed in front of Stone, he started to follow, breaking left and losing height. Due to that, the flight spread wide to the right, and I found myself higher and somewhat to the right of the others. I kept the throttle to the minimum during the first phase of the combat. So, when the MiGs broke to the left, and the engagement began. I chose one of the MiGs and followed him with my radar. I don't think that we ever exceeded 4G's during the whole engagement. I decided to follow the Navy pilots' tactics - at close range foregoing the radar tracking, but looking through the reticle instead. When I realized that I was in the right position, I pushed the fire button, released it, pushed it again, and waited. I did not even see the first Sparrow. However, I followed the entire trajectory of the second one, from launch to impact. I fired the missiles at less than 2,000 yards from the MiG's tail, at a height of 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) while turning to the left. The second one hit the tail section of the enemy aircraft. A second later, I saw a huge, orange ball of fire.[12]
Seconds later, another MiG-21 crossed in front of Rambler 02 and was apparently destroyed by a Sparrow fired by its pilot, Lawrence Glynn. The MiG, hit behind the tailfin, exploded in a fireball. This, the third MiG-21 downed by Rambler flight, raised the final score of the day to 7:0 in favor of the F-4s.
The final four flights of 8th TFW aircraft arrived to find the engagement over and departed the area because of the SAM threat, while the Da Nang-based East Force assessed the weather conditions and did not penetrate North Vietnamese airspace. Two of the Ubon-based West Force had aborted the mission for maintenance problems, and ultimately only 26 of the 56 assigned fighters entered the target area, and only 12 of those engaged.
Bolo summary
The following table summarizes the 8th TFW's seven MiG-21 victories:[12]
Squadron | Call Sign | Aircraft Commander1 | Pilot1 | Missile |
---|---|---|---|---|
555 TFS | Olds 02 | 1st Lt. Ralph F. Wetterhahn | 1st Lt. Jerry K. Sharp | AIM-7
|
555 TFS | Olds 04 | Capt. Walter S. Radeker III | 1st Lt. James E. Murray III | AIM-9
|
555 TFS | Olds 01 | Col. Robin Olds | 1st Lt. Charles C. Clifton | AIM-9
|
555 TFS | Ford 02 | Capt. Everett T. Raspberry, Jr. | 1st Lt. Robert W. Western | AIM-9
|
433 TFS | Rambler 04 | Maj. Philip P. Combies | 1st Lt. Lee R. Dutton | AIM-7
|
433 TFS | Rambler 01 | Capt. John B. Stone | 1st Lt. Clifton P. Dunnegan, Jr. | AIM-7
|
433 TFS | Rambler 02 | 1st Lt. Lawrence J. Glynn, Jr. | 1st Lt. Lawrence E. Cary | AIM-7
|
- 1In 1967 all USAF F-4s were crewed by two rated pilots, with the more experienced flying the front seat as "aircraft commander". The use of rated navigators as Weapon Systems Officersbegan in 1969.
- 1In 1967 all USAF F-4s were crewed by two
A North Vietnamese source confirms the loss of only five MiG-21 during Operation Bolo and states that all five pilots bailed out safely:[14]
Unit | Pilot Name | Pilot Fate | A/c type | Serial |
---|---|---|---|---|
921 FR | Vu Ngoc Dinh | shot down, ejected safely | MiG-21PFL | 4228 |
921 FR | Nguyen Duc Thuan | shot down, ejected safely | MiG-21PFL | 4125 |
921 FR | Nguyen Dang Kinh | shot down, ejected safely | MiG-21PFL | 4126 |
921 FR | Bui Duc Nhu | shot down, ejected safely | MiG-21PFL | 4224 |
921 FR | Nguyen Ngoc Do | shot down, ejected safely | MiG-21PFL | 4029 |
Mission impact and followup
As the F-4s landed at
The success of Operation Bolo led Seventh Air Force to plan a similar mission simulating an RF-4C photo reconnaissance mission. The immediate reaction to Bolo by the VPAF was to challenge the daily "recce" mission on the two days immediately following Bolo, in each case causing the mission to be aborted. On both January 5 and January 6, a pair of 555th TFS F-4C Phantoms, flying a close formation to appear as a single target on North Vietnamese radar, flew the high-speed profile. On the second day, intercepted by four MiGs, they again surprised and shot down two during the encounter, with Crab 01 (Capt. Richard M. Pascoe and 1st Lt. Norman E. Wells) and Crab 02 (Maj. Thomas M. Hirsch and 1st Lt. Roger J. Strasswimmer) each scoring a kill.[15]
For the North Vietnamese (and their Soviet allies who supplied the MiG-21 aircraft and helped set up the integrated air defense network), the two reverses on January 2 and January 5–6 forced them to disband their assets by grounding the MiGs for four months for retraining and devising of new tactics.
See also
Citations
- OCLC 18844042 – via Defense Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/tr/ADA476450.
- ^ Aircraft Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 0-312-97962-2.
- ^ Tempest 03 of the 8th TFW's 433rd TFS. The rescue of one crew member by Cpt. Leland T. Kennedy is recounted in that article.
- ^
Marshall L. Michel (1997). Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965-1972. Naval Institute Press. p. 66. ISBN 1-55750-585-3.
- ^ Sherwood, 31
- ^ Michel, Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972, p. 63.
- ^ a b Sherwood, 33
- ^
Lou Drendel (1984). ...And Kill MiGs. Squadron/Signal Publications. p. 11, quoting 1LT Dunnegan. ISBN 0-89747-056-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Walter J. Boyne. "Mig Sweep". AIR FORCE Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007. Boyne's account states January 1 but is apparently a typographical error. He makes it clear in the next paragraph that the mission was delayed 24 hours to January 2.
- ^ Drendel, 12
- ^ a b c d Zampini, Diego (2003). "Robin Olds Mastermind of Operation Bolo". Acepilots.com. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-0316796880.
- ^ Lịch sử dẫn đường Không quân (1959–2004)
- ^ Drendel, 17-18 and 20-21
General and cited references
- Drendel, Lou (1984). ...And Kill MiGs. Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN 0-89747-056-7.
- Michel, Marshall L. (1997). Clashes: Air Combat over North Vietnam 1965–1972. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-585-3.
- Nordeen, Lon O. (1986). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-680-9.
- Sherwood, John Darrell (1999). Fast Movers: Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience. Free Press. ISBN 0-312-97962-2.
External links
- Spies Helped the USAF Shoot Down a Third of North Vietnam's MiG-21s by Joseph Trevithick, 30 Dec 2014
- futurshox. net - aviation photography (Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine) (Picture source for the F-4 and MiG-21)
- Kunsan Air Base – How It Was...8th Fighter Wing (1974–Present)
- Operation Bolo (Korean)
- Hill Aerospace Museum - General Electric AN/ALQ-71 Electronic Countermeasures Pod
- 8th Tactical Fighter Wing Vietnam Era Website