Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Enduring Freedom | |
---|---|
Part of the Sahara Desert | |
Result | U.S.-led victory |
- NATO
- Albania[1]
- Finland
- Denmark
- United States
- United Kingdom
- France
- Australia
- Canada
- Germany
- Belgium
- Norway
- Italy
- Georgia
- Spain
- Portugal
- Poland
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Sweden
- Czech Republic
- New Zealand
- Netherlands
- Ukraine
- Turkey
- Uzbekistan
- United Arab Emirates
- Former:
In the Philippines: (completed)
- NATO
- European Union
- SADC
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Canada
- Djibouti
- Ethiopia
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- South Korea
- Kyrgyzstan
- Malaysia
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Russia
- Seychelles
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Somalia
- Spain
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- United Kingdom
- United States
In Georgia: (completed)
In Kyrgyzstan: (completed)
Other nations- Abu Sayyaf (from 2001)
- Jemaah Islamiyah (from 2001)
- Former
- Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2012)
- Al-Shabaab (from 2006)
- Hizbul Islam (until 2014)
In Sahara:
- Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb(until 2017)
45,000+ killed
2,380 killed by January 2016[5]
456 killed[5]
158 killed[5]
90 killed[5]
53 killed[5]
43 killed[5]
41 killed[5]
40 killed[5]
34 killed[5]
32 killed[6]
Others 200+ killed[5]
- 72,000+ killed[7]
- 328+[8]
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was the official name used by the
After 13 years, on 28 December 2014,
Subordinate operations
Operation Enduring Freedom most commonly referred to the U.S.-led combat mission in Afghanistan.
- Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), 7 October 2001 – 31 December 2014. Succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel.[18]
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P, formerly Operation Freedom Eagle), 15 January 2002 – 24 February 2015[19][20]
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Pankisi Gorge[21]
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS; see also Insurgency in the Maghreb)
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Caribbean and Central America (OEF-CCA)[22]
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Kyrgyzstan, 18 December 2001 – 3 June 2014[23]
Etymology
The U.S. government used the term "Operation Enduring Freedom" to officially describe the
The operation was originally called "Operation Infinite Justice", but as similar phrases have been used by adherents of several religions as an exclusive description of God, it is believed to have been changed to avoid offense to Muslims who are the majority religion in Afghanistan.
The term "OEF" typically refers to the phase of the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Other operations, such as the Georgia Train and Equip Program, are only loosely or nominally connected, such as through government funding vehicles.[12] All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities.
Operation Enduring Freedom, which was a joint U.S., U.K., and Afghan operation, was separate from the
Overview
In response to the
The initial military objectives of OEF, as articulated by President George W. Bush in his 20 September address to a Joint Session of Congress and his 7 October address to the country, included the destruction of terrorist training camps and infrastructure within Afghanistan, the capture of al-Qaeda leaders, and the cessation of terrorist activities in Afghanistan.[28]
In January 2002, over 1,200 soldiers from the
In October 2002, the Combined Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier. The stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. Similar to OEF-P, the goal of humanitarian aid was emphasized, ostensibly to prevent militant organizations from being able to take hold amongst the population as well as reemerge after being removed.
The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training and equipment to the armed forces in the region. The humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people.
Since 2001, the cumulative expenditure by the U.S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 billion.[31]
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan
The Taliban
Seizing upon a
In 1996, Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan. When the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the 055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001. It has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections.[37]
U.S.-led coalition action
On 20 September 2001, the U.S. stated that Osama bin Laden was behind the
- Deliver to the U.S. all of the leaders of al-Qaeda
- Release all imprisoned foreign nationals
- Close immediately every terrorist training camp
- Hand over every terrorist and their supporters to appropriate authorities
- Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection
On 21 September 2001, the Taliban rejected this ultimatum, stating there was no evidence in their possession linking bin Laden to the 11 September attacks.[39]
On 22 September 2001 the United Arab Emirates and later Saudi Arabia withdrew their recognition of the Taliban as the legal government of Afghanistan, leaving neighboring Pakistan as the only remaining country with diplomatic ties.
On 4 October 2001, it was reported that the Taliban covertly offered to turn bin Laden over to Pakistan for trial in an international tribunal that operated according to Islamic
On 14 October 2001, the Taliban proposed to hand bin Laden over to a third country for trial, but only if they were given evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the events of 11 September 2001.[43]
The
Combat operations start
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012) |
On Sunday 7 October 2001, American and British warplanes began targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda. Cruise missiles were fired from warships.[44]
The
The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to
The Battle of Tora Bora, involving U.S., British and Northern Alliance forces took place in December 2001 to further destroy the Taliban and suspected al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. In early March 2002 the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces, conducted a large operation to destroy al-Qaeda in an operation code-named Operation Anaconda.
The operation was carried out by elements of the United States
After managing to evade U.S. forces throughout the summer of 2002, the remnants of the Taliban gradually began to regain their confidence. A U.S. and Canadian led operation (supported by British and Dutch forces), Operation Mountain Thrust was launched in May 2006 to counter renewed Taliban insurgency.
Since January 2006, the
International support
The United States was supported by
Result
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012) |
The U.S.-led coalition initially removed the Taliban from power and seriously crippled al-Qaeda and associated militants in Afghanistan. However, success in quelling the Taliban insurgency since the 2001 invasion has faltered. As the war dragged on, the Taliban demonstrated they could not be defeated also thanks to sanctuary in neighboring Pakistan.[49]
On 9 October 2004, Afghanistan elected Hamid Karzai president in its first direct elections. The following year, Afghans conducted the 2005 Afghan parliamentary election on 18 September. Since the invasion, hundreds of schools and mosques have been constructed, millions of dollars in aid have been distributed, and the occurrence of violence has been reduced.
While military forces interdicted
The
On 31 December 2014, Operation Enduring Freedom concluded, and was succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel on 1 January 2015.[50][51]
In 2020, the US left Afghanistan to the Taliban under an agreement ensuring a safe passage for American forces out of the country by mid 2021.[52][53] On 15 August 2021, all of Afghanistan, besides Kabul, was back in the hands of Taliban. By August 31, all US and allied forces departed the Hamid Karzai International Airport, thus ending any official operations within Afghanistan.[54][55][51]
Criticism
Hardliner newspapers in Iran and religious scholars in Lebanon suggested "Infinite Imperialism," "Infinite Arrogance," or "Infinite Injustice" might have been more appropriate name for the operation.[25][56][57][58][59]
AFP, reporting on a news story in the Sunday, 3 April 2004, issue of The New Yorker,[60] wrote that retired Army Colonel Hy Rothstein, "who served in the Army Special Forces for more than 20 years, ...commissioned by The Pentagon to examine the war in Afghanistan concluded the conflict created conditions that have given 'warlordism, banditry and opium production a new lease on life'..."
The conduct of U.S. forces was criticised in a report entitled Enduring Freedom – Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan by U.S.-based human rights group
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P)
Abu Sayyaf Group
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012) |
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is deemed a "foreign terrorist organization" by the United States government. Specifically, it is an
Since inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out
Jemaah Islamiyah
Jemaah Islamiyah is a
Financial links between Jemaah Islamiyah and other terrorist groups, such as Abu Sayyaf and al-Qaeda, have been found to exist.[64] Jemaah Islamiyah means "Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community" and is often abbreviated JI.
Jemaah Islamiyah is thought to have killed hundreds of civilians. Also, it is suspected of carrying out the
U.S. Actions
In January 2002, 1,200 Members of United States Special Operations Command, Pacific (SOCPAC) were deployed to the Philippines to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in uprooting al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah and Abu Sayyaf. The members of SOCPAC were assigned to assist in military operations against the terrorist forces as well as humanitarian operations for the island of Basilan, where most of the conflict was expected to take place.
The United States Special Forces (SF) Unit trained and equipped special forces and scout rangers of the AFP, creating the Light Reaction Company (LRC). The LRC and elements of SOCPAC deployed to Basilan on completion of their training. The stated goals of the deployment were denying the ASG sanctuary, surveiling, controlling, and denying ASG routes, surveiling supporting villages and key personnel, conducting local training to overcome AFP weaknesses and sustain AFP strengths, supporting operations by the AFP "strike force" (LRC) in the area of responsibility (AOR), conducting and supporting civil affairs operations in the AOR.[65]
Result
The desired result was for the AFP to gain sufficient capability to locate and destroy the ASG, to recover hostages and to enhance the legitimacy of the Philippine government. Much of the operation was a success: the ASG was driven from Basilan and one U.S. hostage was recovered.[65] The Abu Sayyaf Group's ranks, which once counted more than 800 members, was reduced to less than 100. The humanitarian portion of the operation, Operation Smiles, created 14 schools, 7 clinics, 3 hospitals and provided medical care to over 18,000 residents of Basilan. Humanitarian groups were able to continue their work without fear of further kidnappings and terrorists attacks by the Abu Sayyaf Group.[30][66]
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities. Operations began in mid-2002 at
CJTF-HOA has devoted the majority of its efforts to train selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include the rebuilding of schools and medical clinics, as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali.[68]
U.S. action
"Operation Enduring Freedom"
- 7 October 2001 – 28 December 2014
- Casualties U.S. Coalition: 3,486 Dead
- Taliban/Al-Qaeda:25,500–40,500 Dead
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012) |
Anti-piracy operations were undertaken by the coalition throughout 2006 with a
"Operation Resolute Support/Freedom's Sentinel"
- 1 January 2015 – Present
- Casualties U.S. Coalition: 1 January 2015 – Present | 70 Dead* – Subject to change[69]
- Taliban/Al-Qaeda:
Effective 1 January 2015, Secretary of Defense Hagel announced that the new U.S. mission in Afghanistan will focus on training, advising, and assisting Afghan security forces and designated as Operation Freedom's Sentinel. 19 About 13,500 U.S. troops are expected in Afghanistan through 2015 and will be assisted by troops from NATO allies.
Military decorations
Since 2002, the United States military has created military awards and decorations related to Operation Enduring Freedom
NATO also created a military decoration related to Operation Enduring Freedom:
- Non-Article 5 ISAF NATO Medal
See also
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Further reading
- Maloney, Sean M (2005), Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan, Washington, DC: Potomac Books, ISBN 1-57488-953-2.
External links
- The Enduring Freedom Foundation
- Moorthy, Neelesh (6 July 2016). "Obama increases U.S. troops to remain in Afghanistan past 2016". Politifact.
- Koontz, Christopher N, ed. (2008). Enduring Voices: Oral Histories of the US Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003–2005. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-112-1. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2010. full text available online