Operation Northwind (1944)
Operation Northwind | |||||||
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Part of the Western Front of World War II | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Germany | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Units involved | |||||||
I Corps
II Corps
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XC Corps
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Strength | |||||||
230,000 (average strength)[1] | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
United States: 11,609[2][3] killed and wounded, captured or missing[4] France: 7,000[5] killed and wounded | 23,000 killed, wounded, or captured[6] |
Operation Northwind (German: Unternehmen Nordwind) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front. Northwind was launched to support the German Ardennes offensive campaign in the Battle of the Bulge, which by late December 1944 had decisively turned against the German forces. It began on 31 December 1944 in Rhineland-Palatinate, Alsace and Lorraine in southwestern Germany and northeastern France, and ended on 25 January 1945. The German offensive was an operational failure, with its main objectives not achieved.
Objectives
By 21 December 1944, the German momentum during the
The goal of the offensive was to break through the lines of the
Offensive
On 31 December 1944, German Army Group G (commanded by Generaloberst Johannes Blaskowitz) and Army Group Upper Rhine (commanded by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler) launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched, 110-kilometre-long (68 mi) front line held by the U.S. 7th Army. Operation Nordwind soon had the overextended U.S. 7th Army in dire straits; the 7th Army (at the orders of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower) had sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes involved in the Battle of the Bulge.
On the same day that the German Army launched Operation Nordwind, the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) committed almost 1,000 aircraft in support. This attempt to cripple the Allied air forces based in northwestern Europe was known as Operation Bodenplatte. It failed without having achieved any of its key objectives.
The initial Nordwind attack was conducted by three corps of the
The 125th Regiment of the 21st Panzer Division under Colonel
Eisenhower, fearing the outright destruction of the U.S. 7th Army, had rushed already battered divisions hurriedly relieved from the Ardennes, southeast over 100 km (62 mi), to reinforce the 7th Army. But their arrival was delayed, and on 21 January with supplies and ammunition short, Seventh Army ordered the much-depleted 79th Infantry and 14th Armored Divisions to retreat from Rittershoffen and fall back on new positions on the south bank of the
On 25 January the German offensive was halted, after the US 222nd Infantry Regiment stopped their advance near Haguenau, earning the Presidential Unit Citation in the process. The same day reinforcements began to arrive from the Ardennes. Although Strasbourg had been successfully defended, the Colmar Pocket had not yet been eliminated.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Cirillo 2003, Retrieved 16 August 2018
- ^ Cirillo 2003, Retrieved 16 August 2018
- ^ a b c Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine (CMH Pub 7–10) (PDF). Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Smith, Clark: Riviera To The Rhine. P. 527
- ^ Grandes Unités Françaises, Vol. V-III, p. 801
- ^ Clarke, Jeffrey (1993). U.S. Army in World War II European Theater of Operations: Riviera to the Rhine. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 527.
- ^ Clarke, Jeffrey (1993). U.S. Army in World War II European Theater of Operations: Riviera to the Rhine. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 493–494.
- ^ Ambrose 1997, p. 386.
Bibliography
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army From the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684815257.
- Bonn, Keith E. When the Odds Were Even: The Vosges Mountains Campaign, October 1944 – January 1945. Novato, CA: Presidio, 2006. ISBN 0345476115
- Engler, Richard. The Final Crisis: Combat in Northern Alsace, January 1945. Aberjona Press. 1999. ISBN 9780966638912
- Nordwind & the US 44th Division *Battle History of the 44th I.D.
- Whiting, Charles (1992). The Other Battle of the Bulge: Operation Northwind. Avon Books. OCLC 211992045.
- ISBN 9780700624942
External links
- Cirillo, Roger. The Ardennes-Alsace. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72–26. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- The NORDWIND Offensive (January 1945) on the website of the 100th Infantry Division Association contains a list of German primary sources on the operation.
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