Kargil War
Kargil War | |||||||||
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Part of the Kashmir conflict and the India–Pakistan conflict | |||||||||
Location of Kargil along the Line of Control in Kashmir | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
India | Pakistan | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Chief of the Air Staff ) |
Chief of the General Staff ) | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
30,000 | 5,000 | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Indian official figures:
Pakistani claims:
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Independent figures: Pakistani figures:
Indian claims: |
The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict,
The conflict was triggered by the infiltration of Pakistani troops—disguised as
The Kargil War is the most recent example of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, and as such, posed significant logistical problems for the combatting sides. It also marks one of only two instances of conventional warfare between nuclear-armed states (alongside the Sino-Soviet border conflict). India had conducted its first successful test in 1974; Pakistan, which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time, conducted its first known tests in 1998, just two weeks after a second series of tests by India.
Location
Before the
The town of
An Indian national highway (NH 1) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil. The area that witnessed the infiltration and fighting is a 160-kilometre (100 mi) long stretch of ridges overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and Leh.[citation needed] The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 m (16,000 ft) high, with a few as high as 5,485 m (17,995 ft).[31] Apart from the district capital, Kargil, the populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushkoh Valley and the town of Drass, southwest of Kargil, as well as the Batalik sector and other areas northeast of Kargil.
Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the preemptive seizure of several unoccupied military positions.[32] With tactically vital features and well-prepared defensive posts atop the peaks, a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to that of a fortress. Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders,[33] and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures.[34]
Kargil is just 173 km (107 mi) from the Pakistani-controlled town of Skardu, which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants. A road between Kargil and Skardu exists, which was closed in 1949.[35]
Background
After the
During the winter of 1998–1999, some elements of the
Pakistani
Some writers have speculated that the operation's objective may also have been retaliation for India's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier.[49]
According to India's then
Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998.[44][55] After the war, Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict, claimed that he was unaware of the plans, and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee, his counterpart in India.[56] Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and "just two or three of his cronies",[57] a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals, including Musharraf, knew of the plan.[52][21] Musharraf, however, asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee's journey to Lahore on 20 February.[58]
Course of the war
Conflict events
Date (1999) | Event[59][60][61][62] |
---|---|
3 May | A Pakistani intrusion in the Kargil district is reported by local shepherds. |
5 May | Indian Army patrols are sent out in response to earlier reports; 5 Indian soldiers are captured and subsequently killed. |
9 May | Heavy shelling by the Pakistan Army damages Indian ammunition dumps in Kargil. |
10 May | Multiple infiltrations across the LoC are confirmed in Dras, Kaksar, and Mushkoh sectors. |
Mid-May | India moves in more soldiers from the Kashmir Valley to Kargil district. |
26 May | The Indian Air Force (IAF) begins airstrikes against suspected infiltrator positions. |
27 May | One IAF MiG-21 and one MiG-27 aircraft are shot down by Anza surface-to-air missiles of the Pakistan Army's Air Defence Corps;[63] Flt. Lt. Kambampati Nachiketa (pilot of the MiG-27) is captured by a Pakistani patrol and given POW status (released on 3 June 1999). |
28 May | One IAF Mi-17 is shot down by Pakistani forces; four crew members are killed. |
1 June | The Pakistan Army begins shelling operations on India's National Highway 1 in Kashmir and Ladakh. |
5 June | India releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers that officially indicate Pakistan's involvement in the conflict. |
6 June | The Indian Army begins a major offensive in Kargil. |
9 June | Indian troops re-capture two key positions in the Batalik sector. |
11 June | India releases intercepts of conversations between Pakistani ) as proof of the Pakistan Army's involvement in the infiltrations. |
13 June | Indian forces secure Tololing in Dras after a fierce battle with militias backed by Pakistani troops. |
15 June | United States President Bill Clinton forces then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif to immediately pull all Pakistani troops and irregulars out from Kargil. |
29 June | Under pressure from their government, Pakistani forces begin their retreat from Indian-administered Kashmir and the Indian Army advances towards Tiger Hill .
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4 July | Three Indian regiments ( Northern Light Infantry regiment in the Battle of Tiger Hill . The region is recaptured by Indian forces after more than 12 hours of fighting.
|
5 July | Nawaz Sharif officially announces the Pakistan Army's withdrawal from Kargil following a meeting with President Clinton. Indian forces subsequently take control of Dras. |
7 July | Indian troops recapture Jubar Heights in Batalik. |
11 July | Pakistani forces disengage from the region; India retakes key peak points in Batalik. |
14 July | Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success. The Indian government sets conditions for talks with Pakistan. |
26 July | Kargil War officially comes to an end. Indian Army announces the complete withdrawal of Pakistani irregular and regular forces. |
There were three major phases to the Kargil War. First, Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian-controlled section of Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire. The next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilising forces to respond to it. The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories[64][65] held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the LOC after international pressure.
Occupation by Pakistan
During February 1999, the
Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley, along the
India discovers infiltration and mobilises
Initially, these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons: Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas provided cover for the infiltrators. But by the second week of May, the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Capt Saurabh Kalia, who acted on a tip-off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector, led to the exposure of the infiltration.[71] Initially, with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration, the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days. Subsequent discovery of infiltration elsewhere along the LOC, and the difference in tactics employed by the infiltrators, caused the Indian army to realise that the plan of attack was on a much bigger scale. The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between 130 and 200 km2 (50 and 80 sq mi).[21][72][73]
The
The
The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports (primarily the Karachi port)[78] to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar.[79][80][81][82] The Indian Navy's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan's sea trade. This exploited Pakistan's dependence on sea-based oil and trade flows.[83] Later, then–Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-scale war had broken out.[84][page needed][85][86][page needed]
India attacks Pakistani positions
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes; even the best roads, such as National Highway 1 (India) (NH1) from Srinagar to Leh, are only two lanes. The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic, and the high altitude, which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads, made control of NH 1 (the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire) a priority for India. From their 130+ covertly occupied observation posts, the Pakistani forces had a clear line-of-sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1, inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians.[87] This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route.[88] The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road threatened to cut Leh off, though an alternative (and longer) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh, the Leh–Manali Highway.
The infiltrators, apart from being equipped with
The Indian Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1. This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras, which dominated the Srinagar-Leh route.[92] This was soon followed by the Batalik-Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier. Some of the peaks that were of vital strategic importance to the Pakistani defensive troops were Point 4590 and Point 5353. While 4590 was the nearest point that had a view of NH 1, point 5353 was the highest feature in the Dras sector, allowing the Pakistani troops to observe NH 1.[93] The recapture of Point 4590 by Indian troops on 14 June was significant, notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict.[94] Although most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June, some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war.
Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1, the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the LOC. The
As the operation was fully underway, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the
The
In many vital points, neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistani soldiers, who were out of visible range. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). Since any daylight attack would be suicidal, all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness, escalating the risk of freezing. Accounting for the wind chill factor, the temperatures were often as low as −15 to −11 °C (5 to 12 °F) near the mountain tops. Based on military tactics, much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force, creating a siege. Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LOC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistani soil, however, a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise due to the likely expansion of the theatre of war and reduced international support for its cause.
Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached upon by the infiltrators;[64][65] according to the official count, an estimated 75–80% of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control.[44]
Washington Accord and final battles
Following the outbreak of armed fighting, Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict. Bruce Riedel, who was then an aide to President Bill Clinton, reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict. However, President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the LOC.[101]
Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999, when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LoC. In addition, the United Jihad Council (an umbrella for extremist groups) rejected Pakistan's plan for a climb-down, instead deciding to fight on.[102]
The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July in co-ordination with relentless attacks by the IAF, both by day and night, in their totally successful
World opinion
Pakistan was heavily criticised by other countries for instigating the war, as its
As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum, Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States. Clinton rebuked Sharif, however, and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory. Clinton would later reveal in
Faced with growing international pressure, Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory. The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the LOC and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes.[113][114]
Gallantry awards
India
A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry.[115] Four Param Vir Chakras and 11 Maha Vir Chakras were awarded.[116]
The following units were awarded the COAS' unit citations for their exemplary role in the war[147][148] -
- Infantry
- 2 Rajputana Rifles
- 8 Sikh
- 17 Jat
- 18 Grenadiers
- 1 Bihar
- 13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
- 18 Garhwal Rifles
- 12 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
- 2 Naga
- 1/11 Gorkha Rifles
- Ladakh Scouts
- Artillery
- 108 Medium Regiment
- 141 Field Regiment
- 197 Field Regiment
- Army Aviation Corps
- 663 (Reconnaissance and Observation) Squadron
- 666 (Reconnaissance and Observation) Squadron
- Army Service Corps
- 874 Animal Transport Battalion
Pakistan
Two Pakistani soldiers received the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military gallantry award:[149]
- Capt. Sind Regiment: Nishan-e-Haider (posthumous)
- Hav. Northern Light Infantry: Nishan-e-Haider (posthumous)
Impact and influence of media
The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations. Coming at a time of exploding growth in
The conflict soon turned into a
As the war progressed, media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan.[154] Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of CNN's coverage of the Gulf War (one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a Doordarshan transmission centre in Kargil; coverage continued, however).[155] Reasons for India's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater transparency in the Indian media. At a seminar in Karachi, Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence, Pakistan had not.[156]
The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause, with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict. Some analysts believe that Indian media, which was both larger in number and more credible, may have acted as a
WMDs and the nuclear factor
Since Pakistan and India each had
International concerns increased when Pakistani
The nature of the India-Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear warheads were being moved towards the border. Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear brinkmanship, even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences. According to a White House official, Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same. In an article published in a defence journal in 2000, Sanjay Badri-Maharaj, a security expert, claimed while quoting another expert that India too had readied at least five nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles.[161]
Sensing a deteriorating military scenario, diplomatic isolation, and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war, Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights. He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him.[162] Recently however, Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war;[72] something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear.
The threat of
Aftermath
India
From the end of the war until February 2000, the Indian stock market rose by more than 30%. The next Indian national budget included major increases in military spending.
There was a surge in patriotism, with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause.
After the war, the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness. India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment.
The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the
The end and victory of the Kargil War is celebrated annually in India as Kargil Vijay Diwas.
Kargil Review Committee
Soon after the war the
In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available.
Pakistan
Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.
Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the
In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the
Despite calls by many,[
Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus, which was one of Pakistan's aims, it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility, since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries had been concluded. The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition. President Clinton's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian-administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan.[207]
After the war, a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces. In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry's performance in the war, which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General, the regiment was incorporated into the regular army.
Casualties
Pakistani army losses have been difficult to determine. Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed. The
Kargil War Memorial, India
The Kargil War memorial, built by the Indian Army, is located in Dras, in the foothills of the Tololing Hill. The memorial, located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill, commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War. A poem "Pushp Kii Abhilasha"
A giant national flag, weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial on Kargil Vijay Diwas to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India's victory in the war.[220]
Popular culture
- Lord John Marburyis a 1999 episode in the first season of The West Wing which depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict.
- Pentagram's single, 'Price of Bullets', released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War.
- Shaheed-E-Kargil (2001), a Hindi movie directed by Dilip Gulati was released in 2001, based on the incident of Kargil conflict.
- LOC: Kargil (2003), a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history, running for more than four hours.[221]
- Sainika (2002),[224] the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events. Starring C.P.Yogishwar and Sakshi Shivanand.
- Dhoop (2003), Hindi film directed by Ashwini Chaudhary depicted the life of Anuj Nayyar's parents after his death. Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously. Om Puri plays the role of S.K. Nayyar, Anuj's father.
- Mission Fateh – Real Stories of Kargil Heroes, a TV series telecast on Sahara channel chronicling the Indian Army's missions.
- Fifty Day War – A theatrical production on the war, directed by Aamir Raza Husain, the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict. This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia, budget of Rs. 15 million, involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting.[225]
- Kurukshetra (2008) – A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi (Retd) based on his experience of Kargil War.
- Laag (2000) – A Pakistani film-drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict.
- Kargil Kartoons (1999) – With the support of eight leading cartoonists, Shekhar Gurera compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces.[226] He also coordinated Kargil Kartoons (A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition), the solidarity gesture of drawing on-the-spot cartoons of army men who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil. The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi. 25–31 July 1999, followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at Jaipur, Chandigarh, Patna and Indore.[227]
- Stumped (2003) – A film expressing the mixed emotions of 1999 Cricket World Cup celebrations and mourning associated with individual's casualty in the Kargil war.[228]
- Pankaj Kapoor, spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.
- Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020) – An Indian biographical film was based on life of Indian Air Force pilot Gunjan Saxena, the first Indian female air force pilot in combat during Kargil War.[229]
- Shershaah (2021) – An Indian war film based on life of Indian army captain Vikram Batra, recipient of the Param Vir Chakra.[230]
- Laal Singh Chaddha (2022) an Indian remake of Forrest Gump.
The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India-Pakistan clash in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, which coincided with the Kargil timeline. The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament.[231]
See also
- Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
- Gudiya, Kargil war victim
- Kambampati Nachiketa, Prisoner of war
Notes
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- ^ "Breakdown of casualties into Officers, JCOs, and Other Ranks". Parliament of India Website. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army's Killed in Action during Op Vijay". Indian Army. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Official statement giving breakdown of wounded personnel". Parliament of India Website. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan". Greater Kashmir. 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ Khan, M. Ilyas (26 July 2019). "Kargil: The forgotten victims of the world's highest war". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf's court martial". The News. AFP. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-9187380679.
the US State Department quoted the Pakistani military casualties at 700, but according to the then PM Nawaz Sharif (quoted in Gulf News, February 2002), the entire Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan was wiped out during the conflict claiming 2,700 lives.
- ^ a b "Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 October 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ "Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war". 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs". NDTV. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "Musharraf now has Pak's Kargil toll: 357". Indian Express. 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf's court martial". thenews.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
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According to our intelligence estimates, their Army suffered over 737 casualties, primarily due to our artillery fire.
- ^ Pubby, Manu (19 November 2010). "Kargil: Pak suffered most casualties at Batalik". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Indian records say a total of 249 bodies of Pakistani soldiers were recovered during the battle but estimates of total enemy casualties is put around 1000–1200.
- ^ Kanwal, Gurmeet (2009). "Pakistan's Strategic Blunder at Kargil" (PDF). CLAWS Journal: 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
The army recovered 249 dead bodies of Pakistani regular soldiers from the area of operations in Kargil; 244 dead bodies were buried as per military norms with religious rites; five bodies were accepted by Pakistan and taken back
- ^ "How artillery changed the tide of the Kargil war". The Economic Times. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- Operation Vijay, the 1961 operation by the military of Indiathat led to the capture of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands.
- ^ http://>.nic.in/content/op-safed-sagar[permanent dead link]
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- ^ Against the "accepted 3:1 ratio for attacking troops vs defending troops" Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, the ratio over mountain terrain is estimated at 6:1. "Men At War" Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, India Today
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Footnotes
- Operation Vijay", were thus preferred. After the end of the war however, the Indian Government increasingly called it the "Kargil War", even though there had been no official declaration of war. Other less popularly used names included "Third Kashmir War" and Pakistan's codename given to the infiltration: "Operation Badr".
References
- Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil the CCC Kargil Project.
- Limited Conflict Under the Nuclear Umbrella (RAND Corporation)
- War in Kargil (Center for Contemporary Conflict) (PDF)
- Essay on the outcomes of the Kargil War Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
- Kargil Review Committee (2000). From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report. SAGE Publications.
- Limited War with Pakistan: Will It Secure India's Interests? ACDIS Occasional Paper by Suba Chandran, Published 2004 by Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois.
- An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999, by Shaukat Qadir, RUSI Journal, April 2002
- V.P. Malik (2006). Kargil; From Surprise to Victory. Harper Collins, New Delhi, India.
Further reading
Indian literature on Kargil war
- M.K. Akbar (1999). Kargil Cross Border Terrorism. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-7099-734-8.
- ASIN B0006E8KKW.
- ISBN 81-86019-22-7.
- ISBN 0-415-30472-5.
- Ranjan Kumar Singh (2006). Sarhad Zero Mile. Parijat Prakashan. ISBN 81-903561-0-0.
- Mona Bhan. Counterinsurgency, Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series.
- Kapila, Subhash (12 October 2007). "Pakistan's Lessons from its Kargil War (1999): An Analysis". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2018.<
Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre
- Muhammad Ayub (January 2005). An Army; Its role and Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army From Independence to Kargil 1947–1999). Rosedog Books, Pittsburgh, PA. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3.
- Hussain, P.A., Ashfaq (2008). Witness to Blunder. Idara Matbuaat-e-Sulemani. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- Mazari, Shireen M. (2003). The Kargil conflict, 1999 : separating fact from fiction (1st ed.). Islamabad: Institute of Strategic Studies. ISBN 978-9698772000.
- Aziz, P.A., Shahid (2008). Yeh Khamoshi Kahan Tak?. Islamabad: Army Press Publications.
- Musharraf, Pervez (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. New York: Free Press. ISBN 074-3283449.
- Hilali, A.Z. (2005). "Renewal of US–Pakistan Partnership: President BIll Clinton in Kargil War". US–Pakistan relationship : Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754-642206.
- Aziz, Mazhar (2008). "L'État, c'est militaire'". Military control in Pakistan: The parallel state. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93357-2.
- Kiani, P.A., Jameshed Gulzar. "Making an example". GEO Television Press Publishers. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- Siddiqa, Ayesha (2007). Military Inc. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745325453.
- Nawaz, Shuja (2008). ISBN 978-0195476606.
External links
- Media related to Kargil War at Wikimedia Commons
- Indian Armed Forces site on Kargil
- Impact of the conflict on civilians – BBC
- Full list of gallantry awards (India) - page 106-118