Operetta

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the form of theatre and a genre of light opera. For the film genre, see Operetta film. For the German film of the same name, see Operetta (film). For the Monster High character, see List of Monster High characters § Operetta.

The audience at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, the birthplace of Jacques Offenbach's operettas. Caricature of 1860 by Émile Bayard.

Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of

light opera. It includes spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. It is lighter than opera in terms of its music, orchestral size,[1] length of the work, and at face value, subject matter.[2] Apart from its shorter length, the operetta is usually of a light and amusing character.[3] It sometimes also includes satirical commentaries.[4]

A Columbia Records advertisement for a recording of Rita Montaner in a production of Eliseo Grenet and Ernesto Lecuona's Niña Rita, o, La Habana en 1830, an operetta from the Spanish genre of zarzuela.

"Operetta" is the Italian diminutive of "opera" and was used originally to describe a shorter, perhaps less ambitious work than an opera.

Johann Strauss, Jacques Offenbach, Franz Lehár, and Francisco Alonso
.

Definitions

The term operetta arises in the mid-eighteenth-century Italy and it is first acknowledged as an independent genre in Paris around 1850.[2] Castil-Blaze's Dictionnaire de la musique moderne claims that this term has a long history and that Mozart was one of the first people to use the word operetta, disparagingly,[6] describing operettas as "certain dramatic abortions, those miniature compositions full of bullshit in which one finds only cold songs and couplets from vaudeville".[9] The definition of operetta has changed over the centuries and ranges depending on each country's history with the genre.[8] It is often used to refer to pieces that resemble the one-act compositions by Offenbach in contrast with his full length compositions, ‘opéra-bouffe’.[2] Offenbach invented this art form in response to the French government's oppressive laws surrounding the stagings of works that were larger than one act or contained more than four characters.[4]

Cover page of Boccaccio, oder Der Prinz von Palermo (Boccaccio, or the Prince of Palermo) by Franz von Suppé in 1879. An example of early Viennese operetta.

History

Operetta became recognized as a musical genre around 1850 in Paris. In 1870, the centre for operetta shifted to Vienna when Paris fell to the Prussians.[2] The form of operetta continued to evolve through the First World War.[2]

There are some common characteristics among operettas that flourished from the mid-1850s through the early 1900s, beginning with the French

opéra-bouffe.[10] They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between musical numbers, and often the principal characters, as well as the chorus, are called upon to dance, although the music is largely derived from 19th-century operatic styles, with an emphasis on singable melodies.[5] Operetta in the twentieth century is more complex and reached its pinnacle in Austria and Germany.[6]

Operetta is a precursor of the modern musical theatre or the "musical".[11] In the early decades of the 20th century, operetta continued to exist alongside the newer musicals, with each influencing the other. The distinctive traits of operetta are found in the musical theatre works of Jerome Kern, Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim.[2]

Operetta in French

Origins

Operetta was first created in Paris, France in the middle of the 19th century in order to satisfy a need for short, light works in contrast to the full-length entertainment of the increasingly serious

tragédie lyrique. The origins of French operetta began when comic actors would perform dances and songs to crowds of people at fairs on open-air stages. In the beginning of the 18th century these actors began to perform comic parodies of known operas. These performances formed operetta as a casual genre derived from opéra comique, while returning to a simpler form of music.[12] Many scholars have debated as to which composer should be credited as the inventor of operetta; Jaques Offenbach or Hervé.[13] It is concluded that Hervé completed the groundwork, and Offenbach refined and developed the art form into the concept of operetta as we know it today. Therefore, "Offenbach is considered the father of French operetta – but so is Hervé."[8]

Notable composers

vaudeville by Eugène Scribe and X. B. Saintine. In 1848, Hervé made his first notable appearance on the Parisian stage, with Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança (after Cervantes), which can be considered the starting point for the new French musical theatre tradition. Hervé's most famous works are the Gounod parody Le petit Faust (1869) and Mam'zelle Nitouche (1883).[14]

Jacques Offenbach is most responsible for the development and popularization of operetta—also called opéras bouffes or opérettes—giving it its enormous vogue during the

La Fille de Madame Angot (The Daughter of Madame Angot).[15]
The two operettas were considered a major hit.

The political limitations placed on Offenbach and Parisian theatre were gradually lifted, and operetta gained wide popularity. While Offenbach's earliest one-act pieces included

Orphée aux enfers (1858), was by far the most successful. It became the first repertory operetta and was staged hundreds of times across Europe and beyond.[9] Offenbach's legacy is seen in operettas throughout the late 19th century and beyond by encouraging Strauss the Younger to bring the genre to Austria-Hungary. Offenbach also traveled to the US and England educating musicians on the more than 100 operettas he wrote during his lifetime.[16] This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations.[17] By the 1870s, however, Offenbach's popularity declined. The public showed more interest in romantic operettas that showed the "grace and refinement" of the late Romantic period. This included Messager's operetta Véronique and Louis Ganne's Les saltimbanques
. The 20th century found French operetta even more out of favor as the international public turned to Anglo-American and Viennese operettas, which continued to develop the art form into the late Romantic era.

Operetta in German

Offenbach was unabashed about spreading operetta around the continent. In 1861, he staged some of his recent works at the Carltheater in Vienna, which paved the way for Austrian and German composers. Soon, Vienna became the epicenter of operetta productions.[9] It is because of the Viennese operetta, not the French, that the term is used to describe a full-length work.[5] Additionally, after the Prussian defeat in 1866, operetta became the sign of a new age in Austria, marked by modernity and industrialization.[18]

Austria–Hungary

Johann Strauss II

The most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II (1825–1899). Strauss was recruited from the dance hall and introduced a distinct Viennese style to the genre.[5] Strauss was highly influenced by the work of Offenbach, so much so that he collaborated with many of Offenbach’s librettists for his most popular works.[4] His operetta, Die Fledermaus (1874), became the most performed operetta in the world, and remains his most popular stage work. In all, Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera, most with great success when first premiered.[5]

Strauss's satire was often generic, unlike Offenbach who commented on real-life matters.[4]

Strauss's operettas, waltzes, polkas, and marches often have a strongly Viennese style, and his popularity causes many to think of him as the national composer of Austria. The Theater an der Wien never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed. After many of the numbers the audience would call noisily for encores.

Franz von Suppé, also known as Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo, Cavaliere Suppé-Demelli, was born in 1819 and his fame rivals that of Offenbach. Suppé was a leading composer and conductor in Vienna and most known for his operetta Leichte Kavallerie (1866), Fatinitza (1876), and Boccaccio (1879).[19] Suppé was a contemporary to Strauss and composed over 30 operettas 180 farces, ballets and other stage works. Recently, though most of his works have been fallen into obscurity, many of them have been reprised within films, cartoons, advertisements and so on. Both Strauss and Suppé are considered to be the most notable composers of the Golden Age of Viennese operetta.[20]

Following the death of Johann Strauss and his contemporary, Franz von Suppé, Franz Lehár was the heir apparent. Lehar is widely considered the leading operetta composer of the 20th century and his most successful operetta, Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow), is one of the classic operettas still in repertory.[21]

Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) poster by Franz Lehár

Lehár assisted in leading operetta into the Silver Age of Viennese Operetta. During this time, Viennese Censorship laws were changed in 1919.[22] Lehár is most responsible for giving the genre renewed vitality. Studying at the Prague Conservatory Lehár began as a theatre violinist and then took off as a composer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During this 1905, Lehár's Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) paved a pathway for composers such as Fall, Oscar Straus, and Kálmán to continue the tradition of Operetta. Lehár was also one of the first composers who began to incorporate into film. [2]

The Viennese tradition was carried on by

Karl Millöcker, Leo Fall, Richard Heuberger, Edmund Eysler, Ralph Benatzky, Robert Stolz, Leo Ascher, Emmerich Kálmán, Nico Dostal, Fred Raymond, Igo Hofstetter, Paul Abraham and Ivo Tijardović
in the 20th century.

Germany

Paul Lincke, father of the Berlin operetta

In the same way that Vienna was the center of Austrian operetta, Berlin was the center of German operetta. Berlin operetta often had its own style, including, especially after World War I, elements of jazz and other syncopated dance rhythms, a transatlantic style, and the presence of ragged marching tunes. Berlin operettas also sometimes included aspects of burlesque, revue, farce, or cabaret.

Paul Lincke pioneered the Berlin operetta in 1899 with Frau Luna, which includes "Berliner Luft" ("Berlin Air"),[23] which became the unofficial anthem of Berlin. His Lysistrata (1902) includes the song and tune "The Glow-Worm", which remains quite popular internationally. Much later, in the 1920s and 1930s, Kurt Weill took a more extreme form of the Berlin operetta style and used it in his operas, operettas, and musicals. It is arguable that some of Kurt Weill's compositions could be considered modernist operetta.[24]

The Berlin-style operetta coexisted with more bourgeois, charming, home-loving, and nationalistic German operettas – some of which were called Volksoperetten (folk operettas). A prime example is

Reichsmusikkammer (State Music Institute), which deprecated and banned "decadent" music like jazz and similar "foreign" musical forms. In the beginning of twenty-first century, German revival of operetta was an unforeseen theatrical development.[26]

Notable German operetta composers include Paul Lincke, Eduard Künneke, Walter Kollo, Jean Gilbert, Leon Jessel, Rudolf Dellinger, Walter Goetze and Ludwig Schmidseder.

Operetta in English

H.M.S. Pinafore

Offenbach's influence reached England by the 1860s.

Savoy Operas. Most were enormously popular in Britain, the U.S., and elsewhere. Gilbert, Sullivan, and their producer Richard D'Oyly Carte themselves call their joint works comic operas to distinguish this family-friendly fare from the risqué French operettas of the 1850s and 1860s.[27] Their works, such as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado, continue to enjoy regular performances throughout the English-speaking world.[28] While many of these operas seem to be very light-hearted, works such as the Mikado were making political commentaries on the British government and military with one of the main topics being capital punishment which was still widely used at the time.[29]

English operetta continued into the 1890s, with works by composers such as

revues, followed by the musicals of Rodgers and Hart, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin and others. Another notable operetta in English is Candide by Leonard Bernstein. It was advertised as a “comic operetta.”[33]
Candide’s score in some ways was typical for its announced genre with some waltzes, but Bernstein added the schottische, gavotte, and other dances, and also entered the opera house with the aria “Glitter and Be Gay”

Operetta in Italian

Operetta was the first imported vocal genre in Italy.[34] Since the 1860s, French and Viennese composers such as Offenbach, Hervé, Suppé, Strauss Jr and Lehár have significantly influenced the operatic tradition of Italy. The widespread popularity of foreign operetta in Italy reached its climax at the turn of the century, in particular with the success of La vedova allegra, which premiered in Milan in 1907.[34] Italian operetta composers tended to stretch the definition of an "operetta" more than other nations in order to fit the beauty of Italian Romantic opera style. An example would be Giacomo Puccini, who developed his work in the realistic verisimo style, and would compose "operettas in three acts".[35] Other notable composers of Italian operetta include Vincenzo Valente, Ruggero Leoncavallo, Pasquale Mario Costa, Pietro Mascagni, Carlo Lombardo, Enrico Toselli, Virgilio Ranzato and Giuseppe Pietri.[35]

Reception and controversy

The audiences of operetta during the 1860s and 1870s are described as rowdy and loud.[34] Operetta was considered one of the major controversies about Italian music and culture between the 1860s and the 1920s.[34] During that period, strong nationalistic undertones in Italy strived to unify its national identity. Recognizing operetta as a foreign genre, operetta was perceived as an art form that would contaminate Italian opera or illegitimately undermine its primacy on the stage.[34] It was not until the early twentieth century that Italian composers systematically engaged in writing operetta.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

  1. ^ "Opera, Operetta, or Musical Theatre? – Blog". Opera Vivrà. 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-860174-6
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0231507721
    . Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera". Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0171
    .
  7. doi:10.1093/musqtl/gdw009
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 9780203509029.[page needed
    ]
  9. ^
    S2CID 144059143
    .
  10. ^ a b Gänzl, Kurt. "Toperettas: the history of operetta in ten works", Bachtrack.com, 22 October 2019
  11. ISBN 1584653116
  12. ProQuest 305111951
    .
  13. doi:10.7146/nts.v29i1.102970 (inactive 7 February 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link
    )
  14. ^ "The Merry Widow Lesson: What's Operetta, Doc?". Utah Opera. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  15. ProQuest 1932310532
    .
  16. ^ "The beginner's guide to operetta". English National Opera. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  17. ISBN 9781443884259
    .
  18. OCLC 443368102
    .
  19. ^ "Franz von Suppé | Austrian composer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  20. S2CID 211657809
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0
    .
  22. S2CID 213581729
    .
  23. ^ "Berliner Luft" conducted by Plácido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic
  24. ISBN 978-1-5013-2512-0
    .
  25. ^ Lamb, Andrew. 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre. Yale University Press, 2001. p. 203.
  26. ISBN 978-1-000-20905-1
    .
  27. ^ Jacobs 1984, introductory note on nomenclature
  28. ISBN 0-19-516700-7
    . and Hewett, Ivan (2 August 2009) "The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  29. ^ "The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera". Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  30. ^
    S2CID 198515413
    .
  31. ^ Bordman, Gerald (1981). American Operetta. New York: Oxford University Press.
  32. ^ Ledbetter, Steven. "Victor Herbert", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy, accessed February 11, 2009 (subscription required)
  33. ProQuest 2182493597
    .
  34. ^
    S2CID 217930941
    .
  35. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4438-8508-9
    .

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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