Opisthokont
| Opisthokont Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Clockwise, from top left: ) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Amorphea |
| Clade: | Obazoa |
| (unranked): | Opisthokonta Copeland 1956,[2] emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987,[3] emend. Adl et al., 2005[4] |
| Subgroups | |
The opisthokonts (from
Flagella and other characteristics
A common characteristic of opisthokonts is that
Opisthokont characteristics include synthesis of extracellular chitin in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae; the extracellular digestion of substrates with osmotrophic absorption of nutrients; and other cell biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Genera at the base of each clade are amoeboid and phagotrophic.[12]
History
The close relationship between animals and fungi was suggested by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1987,[3] who used the informal name opisthokonta (the formal name has been used for the chytrids by Copeland in 1956), and was supported by later genetic studies.[13]
Early phylogenies placed fungi near the
Cavalier-Smith and Stechmann argue that the uniciliate eukaryotes such as opisthokonts and
Taxonomy
Opisthokonts are divided into Holomycota or Nucletmycea (fungi and all organisms more closely related to fungi than to animals) and Holozoa (animals and all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi); no opisthokonts basal to the Holomycota/Holozoa split have yet been identified.[citation needed] The Opisthokonts was largely resolved by Torriella et al.[15] Holomycota and Holozoa are composed of the following groups.[citation needed]
- Holomycota (Fungus-like)
- Fungi
- Includes:
- zoosporicfungi)
- Fonticula[16] (more recent work considers this to be part of Cristidiscoidea, a sister group to the fungi)
- Hyaloraphidium (previously thought to be a green alga, now considered a fungus)
- apicomplexia)
- Nucleariida (more recent work considers this to be part of Cristidiscoidea, a sister group to the fungi)
- Excludes:
- labyrinthulomycetes (slime nets) (now included in the SAR supergroup)
- myxomycetes (now included in amoebozoans)
- oomycetes (water molds) (now included in the SAR supergroup)
- Includes:
- Rozellida (placement uncertain)
- Holozoa (Animal-like)
- Heterokont)
- Filozoa
- Animalia (including myxozoa)
- Choanoflagellata(flagellates formerly included in protozoa)
- Filasterea
- Mesomycetozoea
- Amoebidiales(formerly considered trichomycetes)
- Dermocystida (formerly considered parasitic fungi or sporozoans)
- Eccrinales (formerly considered fungi)
- Ichthyophonida (formerly considered parasitic fungi incertae sedis)
Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic tree indicates the evolutionary relationships between the different opisthokont lineages, and the time divergence of the clades in millions of years ago (Mya).[17][18][19]
| Amorphea |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1500 Mya |
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Gallery
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-
-
Microsporidian spore (Microsporidia) -
Chytrid(flagellated fungus) -
Mesomycetozoea) -
Ministeria sp. (Filasterea) -
Capsaspora sp. (Filasterea) -
Choanoflagellatea) -
Choanoflagellatea) -
Two opisthokonts: a human (Fungi)
References
- S2CID 162180486.
- OCLC 477890.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-33050-5.
- PMID 16248873.
- PMID 18461162.
- ^ "Fungi/Metazoa group". UniProt. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ PMID 16151185.
- PMID 16049196.
- PMID 17194223.
- PMID 21771718.
- PMID 25085908.
- PMID 30257078.
- S2CID 27373608.
- S2CID 21064445.
- PMID 26365255.
- PMID 19692665.
- ISSN 1560-2745.
- PMID 35900180.
- PMID 32976804.
External links
