Opossum

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For the Australasian marsupials known as "possums", see Phalangeriformes. For other uses, see Opossum (disambiguation).

Didelphidae[2]
Temporal range: Early Miocene – Recent [1]
Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana, the only U.S. and Canadian species (mother with nine young)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Superorder: Ameridelphia
Order: Didelphimorphia
Gill
, 1872
Family: Didelphidae
J. E. Gray, 1821
Type genus
Didelphis
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera

Several; see text

Diversity
126 species

Opossums (/əˈpɒsəm/) are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia (/daɪˌdɛlfɪˈmɔːrfiə/) endemic to the Americas. The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 126 species in 18 genera. Opossums originated in South America and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of North and South America.

The

Didelphimorphia. The opossum is typically a nonaggressive animal and almost never carries the virus for rabies.[4]

Etymology

The word opossum is derived from the Powhatan language and was first recorded between 1607 and 1611 by John Smith (as opassom) and William Strachey (as aposoum).[5] Siebert reconstructs the word phonemically as /a·passem/.[6] Possum was first recorded in 1613. Both men encountered the language at the English settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, which Smith helped to found and where Strachey later served as its first secretary.[7] Strachey's notes describe the opossum as a "beast in bigness of a pig and in taste alike," while Smith recorded it "hath an head like a swine ... tail like a rat ... of the bigness of a cat."[7] The Powhatan word ultimately derives from a Proto-Algonquian word (*wa·p-aʔθemwa) meaning "white dog or dog-like beast."[7]

Following the arrival of Europeans in Australia, the term possum was borrowed to describe distantly related Australian marsupials of the suborder Phalangeriformes,[8] which are more closely related to other Australian marsupials such as kangaroos.

They similarly have didelphimorphia, two (di) wombs (delphus), the second being a non-bilateral marsupial womb (nursing-pouch).[9]

Evolution

Opossums are frequently considered to be "

plesiomorphies and are now considered to represent older branches of Metatheria
only distantly related to modern opossums.

Opossums probably originated in the

sparassodonts[14][17][18]
Large opossums like
carnivorans in South America. Most of these groups with the exception of Lutreolina are now extinct.[19] It has been suggested that the size and shape of the jaw of the ancestral Didelphid would most closely match that of the modern Marmosa genus.[20]

Characteristics

Skeleton of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

Didelphimorphs are small to medium-sized marsupials that grow to the size of a house cat. They tend to be semi-

dental formula is: 5.1.3.44.1.3.4 × 2 = 50 teeth. By mammalian standards, this is an unusually full jaw. The incisors are very small, the canines large, and the molars are tricuspid
.

Didelphimorphs have a

a forked penis bearing twin glandes.[21][22][10]

Although all living opossums are essentially opportunistic

insectivorous.[29]

An opossum on top of a fence

Reproduction and life cycle

Further information: Marsupial § Reproductive system

As marsupials, female opossums have a reproductive system that includes a bifurcated vagina and a divided uterus; many have a marsupium, the pouch.[30] The average estrous cycle of the Virginia opossum is about 28 days.[31] Opossums do possess a placenta,[32] but it is short-lived, simple in structure, and, unlike that of placental mammals, not fully functional.[33] The young are therefore born at a very early stage, although the gestation period is similar to that of many other small marsupials, at only 12 to 14 days.[34] They give birth to litters of up to 20 young.[35] Once born, the offspring must find their way into the marsupium, if present, to hold on to and nurse from a teat. Baby opossums, like their Australian cousins, are called joeys.[36] Female opossums often give birth to very large numbers of young, most of which fail to attach to a teat, although as many as thirteen young can attach,[37] and therefore survive, depending on species. The young are weaned between 70 and 125 days, when they detach from the teat and leave the pouch. The opossum lifespan is unusually short for a mammal of its size, usually only one to two years in the wild and as long as four or more years in captivity. Senescence is rapid.[38]

Opossums are moderately

flagella movement can be accurately coordinated for maximal motility. Conjugate pairs dissociate into separate spermatozoa before fertilization.[40]

Behavior

Virginia opossum feigning death, or "playing possum"

Opossums are usually solitary and nomadic, staying in one area as long as food and water are easily available. Some families will group together in ready-made burrows or even under houses. Though they will temporarily occupy abandoned burrows, they do not dig or put much effort into building their own. As nocturnal animals, they favor dark, secure areas. These areas may be below ground or above.[41][42]

Juvenile Virginia opossum hissing defensively

When threatened or harmed, they will "

anal glands. The stiff, curled form can be prodded, turned over, and even carried away without reaction. The animal will typically regain consciousness after a period of a few minutes to four hours, a process that begins with a slight twitching of the ears.[43]

Some species of opossums have prehensile tails, although dangling by the tail is more common among juveniles. An opossum may also use its tail as a brace and a fifth limb when climbing. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest.[44] A mother will sometimes carry her young upon her back, where they will cling tightly even when she is climbing or running.

Threatened opossums (especially males) will growl deeply, raising their pitch as the threat becomes more urgent. Males make a clicking "smack" noise out of the side of their mouths as they wander in search of a mate, and females will sometimes repeat the sound in return. When separated or distressed, baby opossums will make a sneezing noise to signal their mother. The mother in return makes a clicking sound and waits for the baby to find her. If threatened, the baby will open its mouth and quietly hiss until the threat is gone.[45]

Diet

Opossums eat insects, rodents, birds, eggs, frogs, plants, fruits and grain. Some species may eat the skeletal remains of rodents and roadkill animals to fulfill their calcium requirements.[46] In captivity, they will also eat dog food, cat food, and human food waste.

Many large opossums (Didelphini) are immune to the venom of rattlesnakes and pit vipers (

hedgehogs. Didelphin opossums and crotaline vipers have been suggested to be in an evolutionary arms race. Some authors have suggested that this adaptation originally arose as a defense mechanism, allowing a rare reversal of an evolutionary arms race where the former prey has become the predator,[49] whereas others have suggested it arose as a predatory adaptation given that it also occurs in other predatory mammals and does not occur in opossums that do not regularly eat other vertebrates.[16] The fer-de-lance, one of the most venomous snakes in the New World, may have developed its highly potent venom as a means to prey on or a defense mechanism against large opossums.[49]

Habitat

D. virginiana range, including introductions in the west. These areas expanded northwards (e.g., into Wisconsin and Minnesota).[50]

Opossums are found in North, Central, and South America. The Virginia opossum lives in regions as far north as Canada and as far south as Central America, while other types of opossums only inhabit countries south of the United States.[51] The Virginia opossum can often be found in wooded areas, though its habitat may vary widely.[52] Opossums are generally found in areas like forests, shrubland, mangrove swamps, rainforests and eucalyptus forests.[53] Opossums have been found moving northward.[50][54]

Hunting and foodways

The

prairie hen and frogs were among the fare Mark Twain recorded as part of American cookery.[71]

In Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the common opossum or manicou is popular and can only be hunted during certain times of the year owing to overhunting.[72] The meat is traditionally prepared by smoking, then stewing. It is light and fine-grained, but the musk glands must be removed as part of preparation. The meat can be used in place of rabbit and chicken in recipes. Historically, hunters in the Caribbean would place a barrel with fresh or rotten fruit to attract opossums that would feed on the fruit or insects.

In northern/central Mexico, opossums are known as tlacuache or tlacuatzin. Their tails are eaten as a folk remedy to improve fertility.[73] In the Yucatán peninsula they are known in the Yucatec Mayan language as "och"[74] and they are not considered part of the regular diet by Mayan people, but still considered edible in times of famine.

Opossum oil (possum grease) is high in essential fatty acids and has been used as a chest rub and a carrier for arthritis remedies given as salves.[75][76][77]

Opossum pelts have long been part of the fur trade.

Classification

Main article: List of didelphimorphs
Cladogram by Upham et al. 2019[78][79]
Caluromyinae

Caluromysiops

Caluromys

Glironiinae

Glironia

Hyladelphinae

Hyladelphys

Didelphinae
Marmosini

Tlacuatzin

Marmosa

Monodelphis

Metachirini

Metachirus

Didelphini

Chironectes

Lutreolina

Philander

Didelphis

Thylamyini
Cladogram by Álvarez-Carretero et al. 2022[80][81]
Caluromyinae

Caluromysiops

Caluromys

Glironiinae

Glironia

Hyladelphinae

Hyladelphys

Didelphinae
Marmosini

Tlacuatzin

Marmosa

Monodelphis

Didelphini

Chironectes

Lutreolina

Philander

Metachirus
)

Thylamyini

Classification based on Voss (2022), species based on the American Society of Mammalogists (2023)[82][83][84]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Didelphidae and Opossums in art.
Look up opossum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikispecies has information related to Didelphidae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opossum&oldid=1219982877"