Orange, Vaucluse

Coordinates: 44°08′18″N 4°48′35″E / 44.1383°N 4.8097°E / 44.1383; 4.8097
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Orange. "Arausio" redirects here. For the god, see Arausio (god). For the ancient battle, see Battle of Arausio.
Orange
Aurenja (Occitan)
Commune
Aerial view of central Orange
Aerial view of central Orange
Coat of arms of Orange
Coat of arms
Location of Orange
Map
Orange is located in France
Orange
Orange
Orange is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Orange
Orange
Coordinates: 44°08′18″N 4°48′35″E / 44.1383°N 4.8097°E / 44.1383; 4.8097
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentVaucluse
ArrondissementCarpentras
CantonOrange
IntercommunalityPays Réuni d'Orange
Government
 • Mayor (2021–2026) Yann Bompard[1] (LS)
Area
1
74.2 km2 (28.6 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
28,949
 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
84087 /84100
Elevation24–127 m (79–417 ft)
(avg. 50 m or 160 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Roman Theatre and its surroundings and the Triumphal Arch of Orange
UNESCO World Heritage Site
IncludesRoman Theatre of Orange and Triumphal Arch of Orange
CriteriaCultural: iii, vi
Reference163
Inscription1981 (5th Session)

Orange (French pronunciation: [ɔʁɑ̃ʒ]; Provençal: Aurenja (classical norm) or Aurenjo (Mistralian norm)) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is about 21 km (13 mi) north of Avignon, on the departmental border with Gard, which follows the Rhône and also constitutes the regional border with Occitania. Orange is the second-most populated city in Vaucluse, after Avignon.

Name

The settlement is attested as Arausio and Arausion in the first and second centuries AD, then as civitas Arausione in the fourth century, civitas Arausicae in 517 (via a Germanized form *Arausinga), Aurengia civitatis in 1136, and as Orenga in 1205.[3][4]

The name Arausio can be explained as the

Proto-Celtic *far-aws(y)o-, which literally means 'in front of the ear' (cf. Old Irish ara, arae; Ancient Greek pareiaí, parauai < *par-ausiā).[4][5] It is cognate with the name of other ancient settlements, including Arausa, Arausia, Arausona (Dalmatia) and the nearby Oraison (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence).[4]

History

See also: Principality of Orange

Roman Orange was founded in 35 BC by veterans of the

Julian colony of Arausio established by the soldiers of the second legion." The name was originally unrelated to that of the orange fruit, but was later conflated
with it.

A previous Celtic settlement with that name existed in the same place; a major battle, which is generally known as the

Teutones
tribes.

Arausio covered an area of some 70 ha (170 acres) and was well-endowed with civic monuments; in addition to the theatre and arch, it had a monumental temple complex and a forum.

It was the capital of a wide area of northern Provence, which was parcelled up into lots for the Roman colonists. "Orange of two thousand years ago was a miniature Rome, complete with many of the public buildings that would have been familiar to a citizen of the Roman Empire, except that the scale of the buildings had been reduced – a smaller theater to accommodate a smaller population, for example."[7] It is found in both the Tabula Peutingeriana and Le cadastre d'Orange maps.

The town prospered, but was sacked by the

Semipelagianism
.

The sovereign Carolingian counts of Orange had their origin in the eighth century; they passed into the family of the lords of Baux. From the 12th century, Orange was raised to a minor principality, the Principality of Orange, as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. During this period, the town and the principality of Orange belonged to the administration and province of Dauphiné.

Artist's impression of 17th century city and its citadel, by G. Trouillet.

When

Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange after his elder brother died in 1618), with the help of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, solidified the independence of the Dutch republic. The United Provinces survived to become the Netherlands, which is still ruled by the House of Orange-Nassau. William, Prince of Orange, ruled England as William III. Orange gave its name to other Dutch-influenced parts of the world, such as the Oranges (West Orange, South Orange, East Orange, Orange) in New Jersey and the Orange Free State in South Africa
.

The city remained part of scattered Nassau holdings until it was repeatedly captured by the forces of

Treaty of Utrecht.[9] Following the French Revolution in 1789, Orange was absorbed into the French department of Drôme, then Bouches-du-Rhône, then finally Vaucluse
. However, the title remained with the Dutch princes of Orange.

Orange attracted international attention in 1995, when it elected a member of the National Front (FN), Jacques Bompard, as its mayor. Bompard left the FN in 2005 and became a member of the conservative Movement for France (MPF) until 2010, when he founded the League of the South (LS).

Orange was home to the French Foreign Legion's armored First Foreign Cavalry Regiment until 11 July 2014,[10] when the regiment officially moved to the Camp de Carpiagne in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille in the Massif des Calanques. On 1 January 2017, together with a number of neighbouring communes, it was transferred from the arrondissement of Avignon to the arrondissement of Carpentras.[11]

Demographics

With 28,922 residents (as of 2018), Orange is the second-largest commune of Vaucluse by population after Avignon and just before Carpentras.[12]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 7,000—    
1800 7,270+0.54%
1806 7,440+0.39%
1821 8,307+0.74%
1831 9,123+0.94%
1836 8,874−0.55%
1841 8,633−0.55%
1846 9,231+1.35%
1851 9,824+1.25%
1856 10,621+1.57%
1861 10,007−1.18%
1866 10,622+1.20%
1872 10,064−0.90%
1876 10,212+0.37%
1881 10,301+0.17%
1886 10,280−0.04%
1891 9,859−0.83%
1896 9,980+0.24%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 10,096+0.23%
1906 10,303+0.41%
1911 11,087+1.48%
1921 10,766−0.29%
1926 10,799+0.06%
1931 11,956+2.06%
1936 12,946+1.60%
1946 13,978+0.77%
1954 17,478+2.83%
1962 19,912+1.64%
1968 24,562+3.56%
1975 25,371+0.46%
1982 26,499+0.62%
1990 26,964+0.22%
1999 27,989+0.42%
2009 28,990+0.35%
2014 29,482+0.34%
2020 28,454−0.59%
Source: EHESS[13] and INSEE (1968-2020)[14]

Main sights

The town is renowned for its

Roman theatre of Orange, is described as the most impressive still existing in Europe. The Triumphal Arch is of uncertain age, but current research accepts the inscription as evidence of a date during the reign of emperor Augustus. The arch also contains an inscription dedicated to emperor Tiberius in AD 27, when it was reconstructed to celebrate the victories of Germanicus over the German tribes in Rhineland. The arch, theatre, and surroundings were listed in 1981 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[15]

The Musée (Museum) displays the biggest (7.56 x 5.90 m) cadastral Roman maps ever recovered, etched on marble. They cover the area between Orange, Nîmes, and Montélimar.

Culture

In 1869, the Roman theatre was restored and has been the site of a music festival. The festival, given the name Chorégies d'Orange in 1902, has been held annually ever since, and is now famous as an international opera festival.

In 1971, the "New Chorégies" were started and became an overnight, international success.[

staging
and also receiving outstanding acclaim.

The Roman theatre is one of three heritage sites at which the Roman wall remains.

Transportation

The Meyne River

The SNCF offers rail service north to Lyon and Paris, as well as south to Avignon and Marseille.[16]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Orange is twinned with:[17]

Orange forms the Union of Orange Cities together with Breda, Diest and Dillenburg.[17]

Climate

Orange features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with just too much rainfall in summer to have a 'Mediterranean' (Csa) classification. Summers are hot and relatively dry. Most rainfall occurs in spring and autumn, though with gentle temperatures. Winters are mild, but harsh frost and snow are not unheard of.[18] On 28 June 2019 the temperature reached 41.0 °C.[19][20]

Climate data for Orange, France (altitude 53m, 1981–2010 averages, extremes 1952–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		41.0
(105.8) 		40.7
(105.3) 		42.6
(108.7) 		35.8
(96.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		19.7
(67.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		14.6
(58.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.7
(36.9) 		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F) −13.4
(7.9) 		−14.5
(5.9) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−14.5
(5.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.0
(2.01) 		39.4
(1.55) 		43.9
(1.73) 		66.0
(2.60) 		65.3
(2.57) 		38.3
(1.51) 		36.9
(1.45) 		42.3
(1.67) 		102.0
(4.02) 		92.9
(3.66) 		75.4
(2.97) 		55.7
(2.19) 		709.1
(27.92)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.7 4.9 4.9 7.2 6.3 4.7 3.0 3.5 5.5 7.2 6.6 6.4 66.0
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		77 74 69 66 66 64 71 78 78 79 71 77 72.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 132.0 137.1 192.5 230.4 264.6 298.9 345.3 310.7 237.6 187.1 135.2 123.8 2,595.2
Source 1:
Météo France[21]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity 1961–1990)[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9782877723695
    .
  5. ISBN 9789004173361
    .
  6. ^ Office de Tourisme d'Orange (2017-10-02). "History of Orange". City of Orange Tourist Office site. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  7. ^ Ina Caro, "The Road from the Past: Traveling through History in France".
  8. ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1
    ), p. 845
  9. ISBN 2-7449-0139-3. coédition Édisud et Parc naturel régional du Verdon
    .
  10. ^ "1er régiment étranger de cavalerie". www.defense.gouv.fr.
  11. ^ Commune d'Orange (84087), INSEE.
  12. ^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2018, INSEE
  13. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Orange, EHESS (in French).
  14. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  15. ^ "Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  16. ^ "Orange Station". SNCF.
  17. ^ a b "La ville d'Orange est liée au Monde par son histoire". ville-orange.fr (in French). Orange. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  18. ^ Climate Summary for Orange, France ad
  19. ^ "Orange-Caritat (Vaucluse - France) | Relevés météo en temps réel - Infoclimat".
  20. ^ "Meteociel - Observations Orange (84) - données météo de la station - Tableaux horaires en temps réel".
  21. ^ "Orange (84)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  22. ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Orange-Caritat (84) - altitude 53m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2018.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange (Vaucluse).
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Orange (France).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange,_Vaucluse&oldid=1216599623"