Orange (colour)

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Orange
 
CIELChuv (L, C, h)
(75, 105, 45°)
SourceCSS Color Module Level 3[1][2][3]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Orange is the

tertiary colour. It is named after the fruit of the same name
.

The orange colour of many fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, and oranges, comes from carotenes, a type of photosynthetic pigment. These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the Sun into chemical energy for the plants' growth. Similarly, the hues of autumn leaves are from the same pigment after chlorophyll is removed.

In Europe and America, surveys show that orange is the colour most associated with amusement, the unconventional, extroversion, warmth, fire, energy, activity, danger, taste and aroma, the

House of Orange. It also serves as the political colour of the Christian democracy political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties.[4] In Asia, it is an important symbolic colour in Buddhism and Hinduism.[5]

In nature and culture

Etymology

In English, the colour orange is named after the appearance of the ripe

will now filed with the Public Record Office. By the 17th century, the fruit and its colour were familiar enough that 'orange-coloured' shifted in use to 'orange' as an adjective.[14] The place name "Orange" has a separate etymology and is not related to that of the colour.[15]

Before this word was introduced to the English-speaking world, saffron already existed in the English language.[16] Crog also referred to the saffron colour, so that orange was also referred to as ġeolurēad (yellow-red) for reddish orange, or ġeolucrog (yellow-saffron) for yellowish orange.[17][18][19] Alternatively, orange things were sometimes described as red (which then had a broader meaning)[14] such as red deer, red hair, the Red Planet and robin redbreast. When orange was infrequently used in heraldry, it was referred to as tawny or brusk.[14]

History and art

In

Kutch, Gujarat.[20] The colour was also used later by Medieval artists for the colouring of manuscripts. Pigments were also made in ancient times from a mineral known as orpiment. Orpiment was an important item of trade in the Roman Empire
and was used as a medicine in China although it contains arsenic and is highly toxic. It was also used as a fly poison and to poison arrows. Because of its yellow-orange colour, it was also a favourite with alchemists who were searching for a way to make gold, both in China and in the West.

Before the late 15th century, the colour orange existed in Europe, but without the name; it was simply called yellow-red. Portuguese merchants brought the first orange trees to Europe from Asia in the late 15th and early 16th century, along with the Sanskrit word naranga, which gradually became part of several European languages: naranja in Spanish, laranja in Portuguese, and orange in English. In mid-16th century England, the colour referred to as 'orange' was a reddish-brown, matching the deteriorated appearance of the fruit after a long journey from where it was grown in Portugal or Spain. Improvements in transportation and the introduction of an orange grove in Surrey allowed the fresh fruit to become more familiar in England, and the colour referred to as orange shifted in the 1600s toward its modern understanding.[14]

  • People in ancient Egyptian wall paintings often were shown with orange or yellow-orange skin, painted with a pigment called realgar.
    People in ancient Egyptian wall paintings often were shown with orange or yellow-orange skin, painted with a pigment called realgar.
  • The mineral orpiment was a source of yellow and orange pigments in ancient Rome, though it contained arsenic and was highly toxic.
    The mineral orpiment was a source of yellow and orange pigments in ancient Rome, though it contained arsenic and was highly toxic.
  • Icon, 12th century
    Icon, 12th century

House of Orange

The House of Orange-Nassau was one of the most influential royal houses in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. It originated in 1163 in the tiny Principality of Orange, a feudal state of 108 square miles (280 km2) north of Avignon in southern France. The Principality of Orange took its name not from the fruit, but from a Roman-Celtic settlement on the site which was founded in 36 or 35 BC and was named after the Celtic water god Arausio;[21] however, the name may have been slightly altered, and the town associated with the colour, because it was on the route by which quantities of oranges were brought from southern ports such as Marseille to northern France.

The family of the Prince of Orange eventually adopted the name and the colour orange in the 1570s.

William III of Orange, became King of England in 1689, after the downfall of the Catholic James II in the Glorious Revolution
.

Due to William III, orange became an important political colour in Britain and Europe. William was a Protestant, and as such, he defended the Protestant minority of Ireland against the majority

Irish flag, symbolising the Protestant heritage. His orange-white-and-blue rebel flag became the forerunner of The Netherlands' modern flag.[22]

When the

City of New York has an orange stripe, to remember the Dutch colonists who founded the city. William of Orange is also remembered as the founder of the College of William & Mary, and Nassau County
in New York is named after the House of Orange-Nassau.

  • William III of Orange, ruler of both England and the Netherlands
    William III of Orange
    , ruler of both England and the Netherlands
  • The Orange Free State in South Africa was an independent Boer republic in the late 19th century, then a British colony, then part of the Union of South Africa. The orange colour came from the Orange River, named for the Dutch House of Orange. The Dutch flag is in the canton.
    The
    House of Orange
    . The Dutch flag is in the canton.
  • The flag of South Africa (1928–1994) had an orange stripe, due to the influence of House of Orange and the period when there was a Dutch colony.
    The
    House of Orange
    and the period when there was a Dutch colony.
  • The modern flag of New York City takes its colours from the Dutch flag of the 17th century, and has an orange stripe in honour of the House of Orange-Nassau.
    The modern
    flag of New York City
    takes its colours from the Dutch flag of the 17th century, and has an orange stripe in honour of the House of Orange-Nassau.
  • Celebrating Queensday in Amsterdam. The royal family of the Netherlands belong to the House of Orange.
    Celebrating
    House of Orange
    .

18th and 19th century

In the 18th century, orange was sometimes used to depict the robes of

orangerie. The French artist Jean-Honoré Fragonard
depicted an allegorical figure of "inspiration" dressed in orange.

In 1797 a French scientist

metal paint tube
in 1841, made it possible for artists to paint outdoors and to capture the colours of natural light.

In Britain orange became highly popular with the

Lord Leighton, the president of the Royal Academy, produced Flaming June, a painting of a sleeping young woman in a bright orange dress, which won wide acclaim. Albert Joseph Moore painted festive scenes of Romans wearing orange cloaks brighter than any of the Romans ever likely wore. In the United States, Winslow Homer
brightened his palette with vivid oranges.

In France, painters took orange in an entirely different direction. In 1872

impressionist
movement.

Orange became an important colour for all the impressionist painters. They all had studied the recent books on colour theory, and they know that orange placed next to azure blue made both colours much brighter.

Toulouse-Lautrec
often used oranges in the skirts of dancers and gowns of Parisiennes in the cafes and clubs he portrayed. For him, it was the colour of festivity and amusement.

The post-impressionists went even further with orange. Paul Gauguin used oranges as backgrounds, for clothing and skin colour, to fill his pictures with light and exoticism. But no other painter used orange so often and dramatically as Vincent van Gogh. who had shared a house with Gauguin in Arles for a time. For Van Gogh orange and yellow were the pure sunlight of Provence. He produced his own oranges with mixtures of yellow, ochre and red, and placed them next to slashes of sienna red and bottle green, and below a sky of turbulent blue and violet. He put an orange moon and stars in a cobalt blue sky. He wrote to his brother Theo of "searching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with violet, searching for broken colours and neutral colours to harmonize the brutality of extremes, trying to make the colours intense, and not a harmony of greys."[23]

20th and 21st centuries

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the colour orange had highly varied associations, both positive and negative.

The high visibility of orange made it a popular colour for certain kinds of clothing and equipment. During the Second World War, US Navy pilots in the Pacific began to wear orange inflatable life jackets, which could be spotted by search and rescue planes. After the war, these jackets became common on both civilian and naval vessels of all sizes, and on aircraft flown over water. Orange is also widely worn (to avoid being hit) by workers on highways and by cyclists.

A

US Air Force during the Vietnam War
to remove the forest and jungle cover beneath which enemy combatants were believed to be hiding, and to expose their supply routes. The chemical was not actually orange, but took its name from the colour of the steel drums in which it was stored. Agent Orange was toxic, and was later linked to birth defects and other health problems.

Orange also had and continues to have a political dimension. Orange serves as the colour of

Neo-Calvinist theology; Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and the Americas after World War II.[24][4]

In

Protestant
fraternal organisation and relatedly, Orangemen, marches and other social and political activities, with the colour orange being associated with Protestantism similar to the Netherlands.

Science

Optics

colour theory
, orange is a range of colours between red and yellow

In optics, orange is the colour seen by the eye when looking at light with a wavelength between approximately 585–620 nm. It has a hue of 30° in HSV colour space. Isaac Newton's Opticks distinguished between pure orange light and mixtures of red and yellow light by noting that mixtures could be separated using a prism.[26]

In the traditional colour wheel used by painters, orange is the range of colours between red and yellow, and painters can obtain orange simply by mixing red and yellow in various proportions; however these colours are never as vivid as a pure orange pigment. In the

tertiary colour which is numerically halfway between gamma-compressed red and yellow, as can be seen in the RGB colour wheel
.

Regarding painting, blue is the complementary colour to orange. As many painters of the 19th century discovered, blue and orange reinforce each other. The painter

post-impressionist
painters frequently placed orange against azure or cobalt blue, to make both colours appear brighter.

The actual complement of orange is azure – a colour that is one quarter of the way between blue and green on the colour spectrum. The actual complementary colour of true blue is yellow. Orange pigments are largely in the ochre or cadmium families, and absorb mostly greenish-blue light.

(See also shades of orange).

Pigments and dyes

Other orange pigments include:

  • Minium and massicot are bright yellow and orange pigments made since ancient times by heating lead oxide and its variants. Minium was used in the Byzantine Empire for making the red-orange colour on illuminated manuscripts, while massicot was used by ancient Egyptian scribes and in the Middle Ages. Both substances are toxic, and were replaced in the beginning of the 20th century by chrome orange and cadmium orange.[29]
  • Cadmium orange is a synthetic pigment made from cadmium sulfide. It is a by-product of mining for zinc, but also occurs rarely in nature in the mineral greenockite. It is usually made by replacing some of the sulphur with selenium, which results in an expensive but deep and lasting colour. Selenium was discovered in 1817, but the pigment was not made commercially until 1910.[30]
  • Quinacridone orange is a synthetic organic pigment first identified in 1896 and manufactured in 1935. It makes a vivid and solid orange.
  • Diketopyrrolopyrrole orange or DPP orange is a synthetic organic pigment first commercialised in 1986. It is sold under various commercial names, such as translucent orange. It makes an extremely bright and lasting orange, and is widely used to colour plastics and fibres, as well as in paints.[31]

Orange natural objects

The orange colour of carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, oranges, and many other fruits and vegetables comes from carotenes, a type of photosynthetic pigment. These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the sun into chemical energy for the plants' growth. The carotenes themselves take their name from the carrot.[32] Autumn leaves also get their orange colour from carotenes. When the weather turns cold and production of green chlorophyll stops, the orange colour remains.

Before the 18th century, carrots from Asia were usually purple, while those in Europe were either white or red. Dutch farmers bred a variety that was orange; according to some sources, as a tribute to the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland, William of Orange.[33] The long orange Dutch carrot, first described in 1721, is the ancestor of the orange horn carrot, one of the most common types found in supermarkets today. It takes its name from the town of Hoorn, in the Netherlands.

Flowers

Orange is traditionally associated with the autumn season, with the harvest and autumn leaves. The flowers, like orange fruits and vegetables and autumn leaves, get their colour from the photosynthetic pigments called carotenes.

Animals

  • Canary bird
    Canary bird
  • A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
    A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)
  • A red squirrel is actually orange.
    A red squirrel is actually orange.
  • A red fox, or Vulpes vulpes, in the snow.
    A red fox, or Vulpes vulpes, in the snow.
  • An iguana
    An iguana
  • The Tadorna ferruginea, or ruddy shelduck, lives in Southeast Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia, and migrates in the winter to India.
    The
    Tadorna ferruginea
    , or ruddy shelduck, lives in Southeast Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia, and migrates in the winter to India.
  • An orange flamingo in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
    An orange flamingo in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.
  • An Altamira oriole in Bentsen State Park, Texas.
    An Altamira oriole in Bentsen State Park, Texas.
  • A flame angelfish, or Centropyge loricula
    A flame angelfish, or Centropyge loricula
  • A koi, a domesticated carp bred in Japan for its ornamental value in gardens and ponds
    A koi, a domesticated carp bred in Japan for its ornamental value in gardens and ponds
  • An Arion rufus, or European red slug, lives in northern Europe, especially Denmark, and can be eighteen centimetres long.
    An
    Arion rufus
    , or European red slug, lives in northern Europe, especially Denmark, and can be eighteen centimetres long.

Foods

Orange is a very common colour of fruits, vegetables, spices, and other foods in many different cultures. As a result, orange is the colour most often associated in western culture with taste and aroma.

salmon roe, and many other foods. Orange colour is provided by spices such as paprika, saffron and curry powder. In the United States, with Halloween on 31 October, and in North America with Thanksgiving
in October (Canada) and November (US) orange is associated with the harvest colour, and also is the colour of the carved pumpkins, or jack-o-lanterns, used to celebrate the holiday.

Food colourings

Red 40
synthetic food colour.
achiote
tree.

People associate certain colours with certain

egg yolks
more orange.

The United States Government and the

azo dyes
, made from petroleum. The most common ones are:

Because many consumers are worried about possible health consequences of synthetic dyes, some companies are beginning to use natural food colours. Since these food colours are natural, they do not require any certification from the Food and Drug Administration. The most popular natural food colours are:

  • achiote tree. Annatto contains carotenoids, the same ingredient that gives carrots and other vegetables their orange colour. Annatto has been used to dye certain cheeses in Britain, particularly Gloucester cheese, since the 16th century. It is now commonly used to colour American cheese, snack foods, breakfast cereal, butter, and margarine. It is used as a body paint by native populations in Central and South America. In India, women often put it, under the name sindoor
    , on their hairline to indicate that they are married.
  • Turmeric is a common spice in South Asia, Persia and the Mideast. It contains the pigments called curcuminoids, widely used as a dye for the robes of Buddhist monks. It is also often used in curry powders and to give flavour to mustard. It is now being used more frequently in Europe and the US to give an orange colour to canned beverages, ice cream, yogurt, popcorn and breakfast cereal. The food colour is usually listed as E100.
  • egg yolks
    more orange.

Culture, associations and symbolism

Confucianism

In Confucianism, the religion and philosophy of ancient China, orange was the colour of transformation. In China and India, the colour took its name not from the orange fruit, but from saffron, the finest and most expensive dye in Asia. According to Confucianism, existence was governed by the interaction of the male active principle, the yang, and the female passive principle, the yin. Yellow was the colour of perfection and nobility; red was the colour of happiness and power. Yellow and red were compared to light and fire, spirituality and sensuality, seemingly opposite but really complementary. Out of the interaction between the two came orange, the colour of transformation.[36]

Hinduism and Buddhism

A wide variety of colours, ranging from a slightly orange yellow to a deep orange red, all simply called saffron, are closely associated with Hinduism and Buddhism, and are commonly worn by monks and holy men across Asia.

In Hinduism, the divinity Krishna is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow or yellow orange. Yellow and saffron are also the colours worn by sadhu, or wandering holy men in India.

In Buddhism orange (or more precisely saffron) was the colour of illumination, the highest state of perfection.[37] The saffron colours of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the Buddhist texts. The robe and its colour is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.[38]

According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober colour. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the

curcuma longa plant or the heartwood of the jackfruit tree, are the most common colours. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.[39]

The colour of robes also varies somewhat among the different "vehicles", or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict

Theravada Buddhism, practised in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron colour. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the jackfruit tree.[38][40]

Colour of amusement

In Europe and America orange and yellow are the colours most associated with amusement, frivolity and entertainment. In this regard, orange is the exact opposite of its complementary colour, blue, the colour of calm and reflection. Mythological paintings traditionally showed

Toulouse-Lautrec used a palette of yellow, black and orange in his posters of Paris cafes and theatres, and Henri Matisse used an orange, yellow and red palette in his painting, the Joy of Living.[41]

Colour of visibility and warning

Orange is the colour most easily seen in dim light or against the water, making it, particularly the shade known as

buoys
. Highway temporary signs about construction or detours in the United States are orange, because of its visibility and its association with danger.

It is worn by people wanting to be seen, including highway workers and lifeguards.

airbag
, may be coloured orange.

The Golden Gate Bridge at the entrance of San Francisco Bay is painted international orange to make it more visible in the fog. Next to red, it is the colour most popular for extroverts, and as a symbol of activity.[42]

Orange is sometimes used, like red and yellow, as a colour warning of possible danger or calling for caution. A skull against an orange background means a toxic substance or poison.

In the colour system devised by the US

Department of Homeland Security to measure the threat of terrorist attack, an orange level is second only to a red level. The US Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
specifies orange for use in temporary and construction signage.

Academia

Selected flags

  • Flag of Ireland (1919) The orange represents King William III, or William of Orange, and the Protestant community in Ireland.
    Flag of Ireland (1919). The orange represents King William III, or William of Orange, and the Protestant community in Ireland.[45]
  • Flag of India (1947). The top-most colour in the flag is officially called bhagwa, or saffron. (However, to some people, it is indistinguishable from orange.) It was originally chosen by Mohandas Gandhi, and originally stood for the Hindu community in India, then for the sacrifice of the people.
    Mohandas Gandhi, and originally stood for the Hindu community in India, then for the sacrifice of the people.[46]
  • Flag of Côte d'Ivoire (1959). The orange stands for the savannah, the fertile land in the north of the country, opposed to the green of the forests in the south.
    savannah
    , the fertile land in the north of the country, opposed to the green of the forests in the south.
  • Flag of Niger (1960). The orange is said to represent the Sahara desert in the north, and the orange disk symbolises either the sun or independence.
    Sahara desert
    in the north, and the orange disk symbolises either the sun or independence.
  • Flag of Zambia (1964/1996). The orange is said to represent the land's natural resources and mineral wealth.
    Flag of Zambia (1964/1996). The orange is said to represent the land's natural resources and mineral wealth.
  • Flag of Bhutan (1969). The orange background represents the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
    Buddhist
    spiritual tradition.
  • Flag of Sri Lanka (1972). The orange band represents the Sri Lankan Tamils, one of the three main ethnic groups in the country.
    Flag of Sri Lanka (1972). The orange band represents the Sri Lankan Tamils, one of the three main ethnic groups in the country.
  • Flag of Armenia (1990). According to the Armenian Constitution, the orange (also called apricot colour) represents the creativity and hard-working nature of the Armenian people. Countries with orange on their flags. The colour on the map corresponds to the tint of orange in the flag.
    Flag of Armenia (1990). According to the Armenian Constitution, the orange (also called apricot colour) represents the creativity and hard-working nature of the Armenian people.
    Countries with orange on their flags. The colour on the map corresponds to the tint of orange in the flag.

Geography

  • Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands. The royal family, the House of Orange-Nassau, derives its name in part from its former holding, the principality of Orange. (The title Prince of Orange is still used for the Dutch heir apparent.)
  • The Republic of the
    Vaal river, its borders were determined by the United Kingdom in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty, with a seat of a British Resident in Bloemfontein
    .
  • Oranjemund (German for 'Mouth of Oranje') is a town situated in the extreme southwest of Namibia, on the northern bank of the Orange River mouth.

Contemporary political and social movements

Because of its symbolic meaning as the orange colour of activity, orange is often used as the colour of political and social movements.

Religion

See also: Orange (colour) § Hinduism and Buddhism

Metaphysics and occultism

In the military

In the

US Cavalry. The 1st Cavalry Regiment was founded in 1833 as the United States Dragoons. The modern coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry features the colour orange and orange-yellow shade called dragoon yellow, the colours of the early US dragoon regiments.[52]
The
US Signal Corps, founded at the beginning of the American Civil War
, adopted orange and white as its official colours in 1872. Orange was adopted because it was the colour of a signal fire, historically used at night while smoke was used during the day, to communicate with distant army units.

  • The uniform of a French cavalry regiment in 1786.
    The uniform of a French cavalry regiment in 1786.
  • The coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry regiment, founded as a dragoon regiment, features a gold dragon and an orange shield, the traditional colours of the dragoons.
    The coat of arms of the 1st Cavalry regiment, founded as a dragoon regiment, features a gold dragon and an orange shield, the traditional colours of the dragoons.
  • The shoulder sleeve insignia of the 1st Signal Command of the US Signal Corps. Orange, the colour of traditional signal fires, and white are the official colours of the Signal Corps.
    The shoulder sleeve insignia of the 1st Signal Command of the
    US Signal Corps
    . Orange, the colour of traditional signal fires, and white are the official colours of the Signal Corps.
  • The regimental colour of the Dutch Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment
    The regimental colour of the Dutch Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment

Prior to and during the Napoleonic Wars a pale shade of orange known as aurore ("dawn") was adopted as the facing colour of several cavalry regiments in the French army. The colour resembled that of the early rising sun.

In the Royal Netherlands Air Force, aircraft may have a roundel with an orange dot in the middle, surrounded by three circular sectors in red, white, and blue.

In the

Paskhas uses Orange as their beret
colour.

Corporate brands

Several corporate brands use orange, such as

PornHub and TNT
.

Sports

See also

Notes

  1. W3C
    . w3.org. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Orange / #FFA500 hex color". ColorHexa. 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Orange / #FFA500Hex Color Code". Encycolorpedia. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9781317634720
    .
  5. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, pp. 149–158
  6. OCLC 60411025
    .
  7. ^ "orange – Origin and meaning of orange by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  8. ^ "orange n.1 and adj.1". Oxford English Dictionary online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-30.(subscription required)
  9. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edition, 2002.
  10. OCLC 936144129
    .
  11. ISBN 9780973927825
    .
  12. ^ "orange colour – orange color, n. (and adj.)". Oxford English Dictionary. OED. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  13. ^ Maerz, Aloys John; Morris Rea Paul (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 200.
  14. ^
    JSTOR 10.1525/gfc.2011.11.3.6
    .
  15. ISBN 0-19-510233-9
    .
  16. ^ "Saffron - Define Saffron at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  17. ISBN 978-1-56025-949-7
    .
  18. ISBN 9780521899925
    . Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  19. ISBN 978-9042021211
    . Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  20. ^ Jonathan Mark Kenoyer (1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 96.
  21. ISBN 978-0-19-510233-8
    .
  22. ^ a b c Grovier, Kelly. "The toxic colour that comes from volcanoes". Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  23. ^ Vincent van Gogh, Lettres a Theo, p. 184.
  24. ^
    ISBN 9780813318431
    .
  25. ISBN 0199215294
    (page 331)
  26. ^ Isaac Newton, Opticks: or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light, Book I, Prop IV, Theor III
  27. ^ Correspondance of Vincent van Gogh, No. 459A, cited in John Gage, Couleur et Culture: Usages et significations de la couleur de l'Antiquité à l'abstraction.
  28. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, p. 152.
  29. ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La couleur expliquée aux artistes, pp. 46–47.
  30. ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La couleur expliquée aux artistes, p. 121.
  31. ^ Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, La couleur expliquée aux artistes, pp. 66–67
  32. ^ "carotenoid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  33. ^ "Are carrots orange for political reasons?". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  34. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, p. 152
  35. doi:10.1016/S0950-3293(03)00041-7. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 28 February 2013.
  36. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, pp. 155–56.
  37. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, pp. 158
  38. ^ a b Henri Arvon (1951). Le bouddhisme (pp. 61–64)
  39. ^ http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm |The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe (retrieved 25 November 2012)
  40. ^ Anne Varichon (2000), Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples, p. 62
  41. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, pp. 152–153.
  42. ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques, pp. 154–155
  43. ^ Sullivan, Eugene (1997). "An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide". American Council on Education. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  44. ^ Syracuse University Brand Guidelines (PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  45. ^ National Flag, Taoiseach.gov.ie, 2007. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.
  46. ^ Roy 2006, pp. 503–505
  47. ^ USCJ. "Please visit our new site". Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  48. ^ "Hinduism". Flags of the World. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  49. ^ "Magical Properties of Colors". Wicca Living. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  50. ISBN 978-0-85330-142-4
    .
  51. ISBN 978-1-894663-49-6
    .
  52. ^ "1st Cavalry Regiment". The Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.

References

External links
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