Benedictines
Ordo Sancti Benedicti | |
Catholic religious order | |
Headquarters | Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino |
---|---|
Members | 6,802 (3,419 priests) as of 2020[update] |
Gregory Polan, OSB | |
Main organ | Benedictine Confederation |
Parent organization | Catholic Church |
Website | osb |
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (
Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organized as a collection of autonomous monasteries and convents, some known as
Benedictine
Historical development
The monastery at
Copies of Benedict's Rule survived; around 594 Pope Gregory I spoke favorably of it. The rule is subsequently found in some monasteries in southern Gaul along with other rules used by abbots.[5] Gregory of Tours says that at Ainay Abbey, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it gradually supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.[4]
By the ninth century, however, the Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life throughout the whole of Western Europe, excepting Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, where the Celtic observance still prevailed for another century or two.[4] Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire.[6]
Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium. As a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. An anonymous writer of the ninth or tenth century speaks of six hours a day as the usual task of a scribe, which would absorb almost all the time available for active work in the day of a medieval monk.[7]
In the Middle Ages monasteries were often founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910. The abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, through appointed priors.[6]
One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community.[8] The Cistercians branched off from the Benedictines in 1098; they are often called the "White monks".[9]
The dominance of the Benedictine monastic way of life began to decline towards the end of the twelfth century, which saw the rise of the mendicant Franciscans and nomadic Dominicans.[6] Benedictines by contrast, took a vow of "stability", which professed loyalty to a particular foundation in a particular location. Not being bound by location, the mendicants were better able to respond to an increasingly "urban" environment. This decline was further exacerbated by the practice of appointing a commendatory abbot, a lay person, appointed by a noble to oversee and to protect the assets of the monastery. Often, however, this resulted in the appropriation of the assets of monasteries at the expense of the community which they were intended to support.[10]
Austria - Germany
France
Fleury Abbey in Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, Loiret was founded in about 640.[12] It is one of the most celebrated Benedictine monasteries of Western Europe, and possesses the relics of St. Benedict. Like many Benedictine abbeys it was located on the banks of a river, here the Loire.[13] Ainey Abbey is a ninth century foundation on the Lyon peninsula. In the twelfth century on the current site there was a romanesque monastery, subsequently rebuilt.
The seventeenth century saw a number of Benedictine foundations for women, some dedicated to the indigent to save them from a life of exploitation, others dedicated to the
Abbeys were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the
In 1898 Marie-Adèle Garnier, in religion, Mother Marie de Saint-Pierre, founded in
Poland - Lithuania
Benedictines are thought to have arrived in the
A 15th-century Benedictine foundation can be found in Senieji Trakai, a village in Eastern Lithuania.
Switzerland
Kloster Rheinau was a Benedictine monastery in Rheinau in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, founded in about 778.[22] The abbey of Our Lady of the Angels was founded in 1120.[23]
United Kingdom
The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations. Through the influence of Wilfrid, Benedict Biscop, and Dunstan,[24] the Benedictine Rule spread rapidly, and in the North it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no fewer than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them.[4] Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak and homeless. The monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick.[25]
During the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing those who wished to continue in the monastic life to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century English members of these communities were able to return to England.
St. Lawrence's Abbey in Ampleforth, Yorkshire was founded in 1802. In 1955, Ampleforth set up a daughter house, a priory at St. Louis, Missouri which became independent in 1973 and became Saint Louis Abbey in its own right in 1989.[29]
As of 2015, the English Congregation consists of three abbeys of nuns and ten abbeys of monks. Members of the congregation are found in England, Wales, the United States of America, Peru and Zimbabwe.[30]
In England there are also houses of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation: Farnborough, Prinknash, and Chilworth: the Solesmes Congregation, Quarr and St Cecilia's on the Isle of Wight, as well as a diocesan monastery following the Rule of Saint Benedict: The Community of Our Lady of Glastonbury.[31]
Since the Oxford Movement, there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the Anglican Church and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.[32]
In 1168 local Benedictine monks instigated the anti-semitic blood libel of Harold of Gloucester as a template for explaining child deaths. According to historian Joe Hillaby, the blood libel of Harold was crucially important because for the first time an unexplained child death occurring near the Easter festival was arbitrarily linked to Jews in the vicinity by local Christian churchmen: "they established a pattern quickly taken up elsewhere. Within three years the first ritual murder charge was made in France."[33]
Monastic libraries in England
The forty-eighth Rule of Saint Benedict prescribes extensive and habitual "holy reading" for the brethren.
Benedictine monks were not allowed worldly possessions, thus necessitating the preservation and collection of sacred texts in monastic libraries for communal use.[35] For the sake of convenience, the books in the monastery were housed in a few different places, namely the sacristy, which contained books for the choir and other liturgical books, the rectory, which housed books for public reading such as sermons and lives of the saints, and the library, which contained the largest collection of books and was typically in the cloister.
The first record of a monastic library in England is in
United States
The first Benedictine to live in the United States was Pierre-Joseph Didier. He came to the United States in 1790 from Paris and served in the Ohio and St. Louis areas until his death. The first actual Benedictine monastery founded was Saint Vincent Archabbey, located in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1832 by Boniface Wimmer, a German monk, who sought to serve German immigrants in America. In 1856, Wimmer started to lay the foundations for St. John's Abbey in Minnesota. In 1876, Herman Wolfe, of Saint Vincent Archabbey established Belmont Abbey in North Carolina.[37] By the time of his death in 1887, Wimmer had sent Benedictine monks to Kansas, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado.[38]
Wimmer also asked for Benedictine sisters to be sent to America by St. Walburg Convent in Eichstätt, Bavaria. In 1852, Sister Benedicta Riepp and two other sisters founded St. Marys, Pennsylvania. Soon they would send sisters to Michigan, New Jersey, and Minnesota.[38]
By 1854, Swiss monks began to arrive and founded
There are now over 100 Benedictine houses across America. Most Benedictine houses are part of one of four large Congregations: American-Cassinese, Swiss-American, St. Scholastica, and St. Benedict. The congregations mostly are made up of monasteries that share the same lineage. For instance the American-Cassinese congregation included the 22 monasteries descended from Boniface Wimmer.[39]
Benedictine vows and life
A sense of community has been the defining characteristic of the order since the beginning.
Benedictine abbots and abbesses have jurisdiction over their
A tight communal timetable – the
Although Benedictines do not take a vow of silence, hours of strict silence are set, and at other times silence is maintained as much as is practically possible. Social conversations tend to be limited to communal recreation times. Such details, like other aspects of the daily routine of a Benedictine house are left to the discretion of the superior, and are set out in its customary, the code adopted by a particular Benedictine house by adapting the Rule to local conditions.[42]
According to the norms of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a Benedictine abbey is a "religious institute" and its members therefore participate in consecrated life which Canon 588 §1 explains is intrinsically "neither clerical nor lay." Males in consecrated life, however, may be ordained.
Benedictines' rules contain a reference to ritual purification, which is inspired by Benedict's encouragement of bathing.[43] Benedictine monks have played a role in the development and promotion of spas.[44]
Organization
Benedictine monasticism differs from other Christian religious orders in that as congregations sometimes with several houses, some of them in other countries, they are not bound into a unified religious order headed by a "Superior General". Each Benedictine congregation is autonomous and governed by an abbot or abbess.[45]
The autonomous houses are characterised by their chosen
.All Benedictine houses became federated in the
Other orders
The Rule of Saint Benedict is also used by a number of religious orders that began as reforms of the Benedictine tradition such as the
Although Benedictines are traditionally Catholic, there are also other communities that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. For example, of an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the
Notable Benedictines
This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (December 2021) |
Male Saints and Blesseds
- Boniface (c. 680–755)
- Willibrord (c. 658–739)
- Rupert of Salzburg (c. 660–710)
- Suitbert of Kaiserwerdt(d. 713)
- Sturm (c. 705–79)
- Ansgar (801–65)
- Wolfgang of Regensburg (934–994)
- Adalbert of Prague (c. 956 – 997)
- Gerard of Csanád (c. 980 – 1046)[4]
- Pope Gregory VII (c. 1020 – 1085, r. 1073–85)
- Pope Victor III (c. 1026–87, r. 1086–87)
- Pope Celestine V (1215–96, r. 1294)
- Pope Urban V (1310–70, r. 1362–70)
- Ambrose Barlow (1585–1641)
- Pope Pius VII (1742–1823, r. 1800–23); Servant of God
Popes
- Pope Sylvester II (c. 946–1003, r. 999–1003)
- Pope Paschal II (d. 1118, r. 1099–1118)
- Pope Gelasius II (d. 1119, r. 1118–19)
- Pope Clement VI (1291–1352, r. 1342–52)
- Pope Gregory XVI (1765–1846, r. 1831–46)[4]
Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers
- Benedict Biscop (c. 628 – 690)
- Erkenwald(also known as Earconwald) (c. 630 – 693)
- Leudwinus (c. 665 – 713)
- Benedict of Aniane (747–821)
- Berno of Cluny (c. 850 – 927)
- Odo of Cluny (c. 878 – 942)
- Majolus of Cluny(c. 906 – 94)
- Odilo of Cluny (c. 962 – c. 1048)
- Walter of Pontoise (c. 1030 – c. 1099)
- Bernard of Cluny (d. 1109)
- Peter the Venerable (c. 1092 – 1156)
- Romuald (c. 956 – c. 1026)
- Robert of Molesme (c. 1028 – 1111)
- Alberic of Cîteaux (d. 1109)
- Stephen Harding (d. 1134)
- Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)
- William of Hirsau (c. 1030 – 91)
- John Gualbert (995–1073)
- Stephen of Obazine (1084–1154)
- Robert of Arbrissel (c. 1045 – 1116)
- William of Montevergine (1085–1142)
- Nicholas Justiniani (fl. 1153–1179)
- Sylvester Gozzolini (1177–1267)
- Bernardo Tolomei (1272–1348)
- Laurent Bénard (1573–1620)
- Prosper Guéranger (1805–1875)
- Jean-Baptiste Muard (1809–1854)
- Boniface Wimmer (1809–1887)
- Maurus Wolter (1825–1890)
- Martin Marty (1834–1896)[4]
- Andreas Amrhein (1844–1927)
- Lambert Beauduin (1873–1960)
- Anscar Vonier (1875–1938) supervised the reconstruction of Buckfast Abbey
Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers
- Jonas of Bobbio (600–659)
- Bede (673–735)
- Aldhelm (c. 639 – 709)
- Alcuin (d. 804)
- Rabanus Maurus (c. 780 – 856)
- Paschasius Radbertus (785–865)
- Ratramnus (d. 866)
- Walafrid Strabo (c. 808 – 49)
- Notker Labeo (c. 950 – 1022)
- Guido of Arezzo (991–1050)
- Hermann of Reichenau (1013–54)
- Paul the Deacon (c. 720 – 99)
- Hincmar (806–82)
- Maurus of Pécs(c. 1000 – c. 1075)
- Peter Damian (c. 1007 – 1072)
- Lanfranc (c. 1005 – 1089)
- Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033 – 1109)
- Eadmer (c. 1060 – c. 1126)
- Florence of Worcester (d. 1118)
- Symeon of Durham (d. 1130)
- Jocelyn de Brakelond (d. 1211)
- Matthew Paris (c. 1200 – 1259)
- William of Malmesbury (c. 1095 – c. 1143)
- Gervase of Canterbury (c. 1141 – c. 1210)
- Roger of Wendover (d. 1236)
- Peter the Deacon (d. 1140)
- Adam Easton (d. 1397)
- Honoré Bonet (c. 1340 – c. 1410)
- John Lydgate (c. 1370 – c. 1451)
- John Whethamstede (d. 1465)
- Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516)
- Louis de Blois (1506–66)
- Benedict van Haeften(1588–1648)
- Augustine Baker (1575–1641)
- Anthony Batt (d. 1651)
- Jean Mabillon (1632–1707)
- Mariano Armellino (1657–1737)
- Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757)
- Magnoald Ziegelbauer (1689–1750)
- Marquard Herrgott (1694–1762)
- Pietro Luigi Galletti (1724-1790)
- Luigi Tosti (1811–97)
- Jean Baptiste François Pitra(1812–89)
- Oswald William Moosmuller (1842–1901)
- Suitbert Bäumer (1845–94)
- Francis Aidan Gasquet (1846–1929)
- Fernand Cabrol (1855–1937)
- Germain Morin (1861–1946)
- Henri Quentin (1872-1935)
- John Chapman (1865–1933)
- Cuthbert Butler (1858–1934)[4]
Maurists
Members of the Congregation of Saint Maur, a prerevolutionary French congregation of Benedictines known for their scholarship:
- Nicolas-Hugues Ménard (1585–1644)
- Luc d'Achery (1609–85)
- Antoine-Joseph Mège (1625–91)
- Thierry Ruinart (1657–1709)
- François Lamy (1636–1711)
- Pierre Coustant (1654–1721)
- Edmond Martène (1654–1739)
- Ursin Durand (1682–1771)
- Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741)
- René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777)[4]
Bishops and martyrs
- Ernest (d. 1148)
- Laurence of Canterbury (d. 619)
- Mellitus (d. 624)
- Justus (d. 627)
- Paulinus of York (d. 644)
- Leudwinus (c. 665 – 713)
- Oda of Canterbury (d. 958)
- Bertin (c. 615 – c. 709)
- Wilfrid (c. 633 – c. 709)
- Cuthbert (c. 634 – 687)
- John of Beverley (d. 721)
- Swithun (d. 862)
- Æthelwold of Winchester (d. 984)
- Edmund Rich(1175–1240)
- Abbot Suger(c. 1081 – 1151)
- John Beche(d. 1539)
- Richard Whiting (d. 1539)
- Hugh Cook Faringdon(d. 1539)
- Sigebert Buckley (c. 1520 – c. 1610)
- John Roberts (1577–1610)
- Gabriel Gifford (1554–1629)
- Alban Roe (1583–1642)
- Philip Michael Ellis(1652–1726)
- Charles Walmesley (1722–97)
- William Placid Morris (1794–1872)
- John Polding(1794–1877)
- William Bernard Ullathorne (1806–89)
- Roger Vaughan (1834–83)
- Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla (1834–1897)[4]
- Joseph Pothier (1835–1923)
- John Cuthbert Hedley(1837–1915)
- Domenico Serafini (1852–1918)
- Placidus Nkalanga (1918–2015)[52]
Twentieth century
- Lambert Beauduin (1873–1960)
- Alfredo Schuster(1880–1954)
- Bede Griffiths (1906–1993)
- Paul Augustin Mayer (1911–2010)
- Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003)
- Basil Hume (1923–1999)
- Rembert Weakland (1927–2022)
- Daniel M. Buechlein (1938–2018)
- Jerome Hanus (1940-)
- Anselm Grün (1945–)
- Knut Ansgar Nelson (1906–1990)
Benedictine Dames
- Scholastica (c. 480 – 547)
- Æthelthryth (c. 636 – 679)
- Hilda of Whitby (c. 614 – 680)
- Werburh(d. 699)
- Mildrith (d. early 7th century)
- Walpurga (c. 710 – 779)
- Wulfthryth of Wilton (c. 937 – 1000)
- Edith of Wilton (c. 961 – 984)
- Cunigunde of Luxembourg (c. 975 – 1040)
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
- Gertrude the Great (1256 – c. 1302)[4]
- Magdalena Mortęska (1554-1631)
- Catherine Gascoigne (1601-1676)
- Gertrude More (1606-1633)
- Barbara Constable (1617-1674)
- Adèle Garnier (1838-1924)
- Laurentia McLachlan (1866-1953)
- Margit Slachta (or Schlachta, 1884–1974)
- Werburg Welch (1898-1990)
- Felicitas Corrigan (1908-2003)
- Hildelith Cumming (1909-1990)
- Mary Boulding (1929-2009)
- Joan Chittister (1936–)
- Thomas Welder (1940–2020)
- Noella Marcellino (1951–)
- Teresa Forcades (1966–)
Oblates
Benedictine
- Emperor Henry II (972–1024)
- Frances of Rome (1384–1440)
- Oliver Plunkett (1625-1681)
- Joris-Karl Huysmans (1848–1907)[4]
- Jacques Maritain (1882–1973)
- Romano Guardini (1885–1968)
- Dorothy Day (1897–1980)
- Walker Percy (1916–1990)
- Kathleen Norris (1947– )
See also
- Dom Pierre Pérignon
- Benedictine Confederation
- Catholic religious order
- Cistercians
- French Romanesque architecture
- Sisters of Social Service
- Trappists
References
- ^ Almond, Joseph Cuthbert. "Olivetans." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 10 April 2019
- ISBN 9780814622926
- ^ Stanford, P. (2003). "Dame Felicitas Corrigan". UK Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
Dame Felicitas - the title Dame is given to English Benedictine nuns in preference to Sister ...
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alston, Cyprian (1907). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ Oliver OSB, Richard . "A Brief History of the Benedictine Order", OSB.org
- ^ a b c "The Benedictines: An Introduction by Abbot Primate Jerome Theisen OSB. Liturgical Press". www.osb.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Huddleston, Gilbert Roger (1912). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ public domain: Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). "Camaldulians". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–80. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Butler, Edward Cuthbert (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 393–395.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1908). "Commendatory Abbot". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ISBN 9780521545907
- ^ Butler, Alban (1845). The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, Volume 3. Dublin. p. 218.
- ^ "Abbaye de Fleury". Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ "Mother Mectilde De Bar", Silverstream Priory
- ^ "Fundacja w Warszawie". mechtylda.info (in Polish). 18 December 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "History I". st-benoit-du-lac.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-19-826922-9.
- ^ Wootton and Fishbourne. Ryde.shalfleet.net (4 August 2013). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
- ^ RGM 2005 OCSO. Citeaux.net (28 February 1947). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.
- ^ Tyburn Foundress Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Tyburn Convent official website. Retrieved 23 February 2012
- ^ Tyburn Martyrs Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Tyburn Convent official website. Retrieved 23 February 2012
- ^ Clark, James Midgley. The Abbey of St. Gall as a Centre of Literature & Art, Chapter XII, CUP Archive, 1926, 1926
- ^ Christen, Beat (April 2020). "Auf den Tag genau vor 900 Jahren wurde das Kloster Engelberg gegründet". Luzerner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 514
- ^ Dom Bruno Hicks (2009). "The Benedictines". Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Colin Battell, OSB (2 December 2006). "Spirituality on the beach". The Tablet. pp. 18–19. The late Cardinal Basil Hume was Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey before being appointed Archbishop of Westminster.
- ^ Martin, Christopher (2007). A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches in England and Wales. London: English Heritage. Examines the abbeys rebuilt after 1850 (by benefactors among the Catholic aristocracy and recusant squirearchy), mainly Benedictine but including a Cistercian Abbey at Mount St. Bernard (by Pugin) and a Carthusian Charterhouse in Sussex. There is a review of book by Richard Lethbridge "Monuments to Catholic confidence," The Tablet 10 February 2007, 27.
- ^ Mian Ridge (12 November 2005). "Prinknash monks downsize". The Tablet. p. 34.
- ^ "History". Saint Louis Abbey.
- ^ "History - The English Benedictine Congregation". benedictines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "HOME | Glastonbury Monastery | Somerset". Mysite.
- ISBN 1-57958-090-4.
- JSTOR 29779954.
- ISBN 81-7099-984-7.
- ^ Wormald, Francis; Wright, C.E. (1958). The English Library before 1700. London: The Athlone Press. p. 15 – via University of London.
- ^ a b Savage, Ernest (1912). Old English Libraries. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
- ^ ""History of Belmont Abbey", Belmont Abbey, North Carolina". Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ OL 4255653M.
- ^ "The Benedictine Congregations and Federations of North America in the Benedictine Confederation". www.osb.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ "The Defining Features of the Benedictine Order". Durham World Heritage Site.
- ^ "Order of Saint Benedict". Saint John's Abbey.
- ^ Customary of Mount Michael Abbey
- ISBN 9780838633915.
- ISBN 9781441167675.
- ^ "Benedictine Abbeys and Priories in the U.S. | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "Directory of OSB Congregations". OSB DOT ORG. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ "The Benedictine Confederation". OSB.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "St Benedict & The Order | Benedictine Monks".
- ^ Simpson, Fr. Benedict (2016). "Directory of Parishes". The Western Rite Communities of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ "Holy Monasteries of Our Lady and Saint Laurence Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, Western Rite Vicariate". The Benedictine Fellowship of Saint Laurence. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "Who we are…". Saint Augustine's House. 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ "Bishop Gervas Placidus Nkalanga, OSB, of Hanga Abbey Celebrates 50 Years as a Bishop". Hanga News. 9 June 2011.
- ^ "928: Secular institutes". Catechism of the Catholic Church – Part 1 Section 2 Chapter 3 Article 9 Paragraph 4. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
Further reading
- Dom Columba Marmion, Christ the Ideal of the Monk – Spiritual Conferences on the Monastic and Religious Life (Engl. edition London 1926, trsl. from the French by a nun of Tyburn Convent).
- Mariano Dell'Omo, Storia del monachesimo occidentale dal medioevo all'età contemporanea. Il carisma di san Benedetto tra VI e XX secolo. Jaca Book, Milano 2011. ISBN 978-88-16-30493-2
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 13. .
External links
- Official website
- Confoederatio Benedictina Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, the Benedictine Confederation of Congregations (archived 4 July 2008)
- Links of the Congregations Archived 24 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Saint Vincent Archabbey (archived 29 June 2016)
- Boniface WIMMER
- The Alliance for International Monasticism
- Benedictines – Abbey of Dendermonde in ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures
- Benedictine rule for nuns in Middle English, Manuscript, ca. 1320, at The Library of Congress