Order of Saint Hubert

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Royal Order of Saint Hubert
Prince Max
GradesKnight Grand Cross with Collar
Knight Grand Cross
Precedence
Next (higher)None (Highest)
Next (lower)Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception
Royal Order of Saint Elizabeth


The Royal Order of Saint Hubert (

Saint Hubert
's day.

The establishment of the Order occurred during a long-term, intermittent territorial dispute, initially between the

Arnold, Duke of Gelderland claimed the duchy of Jülich and the county of Ravensberg, and was resolved in the 1614 Treaty of Xanten, which established the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg of the counties of Ravensberg and Mark with the duchies of Cleves, Jülich and Berg. In 1778, Charles Theodore, Duke of Jülich and Berg and the Count-Elector Palatine, succeeded his childless cousin, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
and brought the Order to Bavaria.

Initially, the order was open to men and women, although limiting the number of male companions to sixty. It commemorated the conversion of Saint Hubert and his standing as the patron saint of hunters and knights. Over time, the award had other uses as a reward for loyalty to the monarch and service to the princely state.

History

Foundation

Sources agree that the Order of Saint Hubert honors a military victory of the Duke of Jülich, on Saint Hubert's day, 3 November 1444.

Arnold of Egmont (or Egmond), or commemorated the battle at a future date. Consequently, the date of the founding depends on the source.[a] Still other sources date the founding of the Order as late as 1473 or 1475.[2]

Twentieth century investigation has helped to clear up some of the confusion. The original Latin statutes of the foundation use Good Friday, in this case 26 March 1445. Furthermore, there is clear written evidence that the Order existed prior to March 1445: The original German statutes were dated immediately after the battle.[2] It is also possible that Gerhard proclaimed the establishment of the Order immediately after the victory of his knights at Linnich, but the documents were not drawn up until later, leading to discrepancy in the dates of 1444 or 1445. To further obfuscate the date of founding, Gerhard's son, William III, renewed the Order upon his own succession to the ducal dignities in 1475, in the so-called New Statutes, which were prepared in Latin and German. These remained the governing documents of the Order until 1708. In this confirmation probably lies the root of confusion over the date of the Order's foundation.[2]

Initially the Order was a knightly brotherhood (Rittersbruderschaft), reflecting the overlapping religious and military aspects of medieval court life. Saint Hubert was the patron saint of hunters and knights. The founding of the

Chivalric orders developed in the Crusades. Although some historians classify the Order of the Saint Hubert as a confraternal order, during its 600-year-life, its purpose changed as the fortunes and needs of the Dukes of Jülich and Berg and their successors changed.[3]

In a forest, a kneeling man holds his hand over his heart. A stag stands in front of him, his horse stands behind him, and his hunting dogs lay near-by.
Hubert of Liège was the patron saint of hunters and knights.
A middle aged man, Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, is sitting at a table. He is dressed in a soft cap that falls to the side of his head. He is wearing fur-trimmed robes, and nestled in the edges of the robes is a chain, with a cross at its nadir. His hands are folded on the table before him. He is wearing several rings, and one hand holds a pair of gloves. The family crest hangs on the chair behind him.
Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, also known as Wilhelm the Rich, grandmaster of the Order at his ascension to the dukedom in 1539. Engraving by Heinrich Aldegrever.
A white whigged man with a crimson coat and an ermine mantle holds a medallion in his hand. The medallion has a bright green stone in the center, and is encircled by a star-burst, and it hangs from a jewel-studded chain around his neck.
Charles IV Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, wearing the collar and medallion of the guardian of the order

Order under the House of Jülich

Further information: United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

When Reinhold IV, Duke of Gelder, died in 1423, his nephew Arnold inherited the dukedom. Arnold's cousin, Adolf of Berg, inherited territories near Liège. Arnold believed that Adolf had inherited the better of the two properties, and coveted it for himself. He tried to take it by force and failed; a compromise was reached by which the two agreed to a truce. Adolf of Berg died in 1437 and his cousin, Gerhard IV, the Duke of Jülich and Count of Ravensburg (Westphalia), inherited both the Liège properties and the Duchy of Berg. Arnold reasserted his old claim, maintaining that the truce to which he and Adolf agreed was no longer valid, and prepared to take the duchies by force. Confident in his right to the inheritance, Gerhard met Arnold in battle, at the village of Linnich, in the county of Ravensburg (Westphalia). He and his knights defeated Arnold and his knights on Saint Hubert's day in 1444.[b] In celebration, Gerhard declared the founding of the Order, to reward his loyal and victorious knights.[5]

The Order remained in collateral branches of the family of the Dukes of Jülich and Berg until 1521, when the male line holding the two duchies and the

Münster. Wilhelm was known as Wilhelm the Rich.[6]

Order under the House of Wittelsbach-Palatine

In March 1609,

grand master for himself. To reward loyalty and service, he conferred the cross of the Order on several of his courtiers. He also gave the recipients generous pensions on the condition that a tenth be set aside for the poor, and a significant sum be distributed on the day of their reception into the order.[8]

In 1777, the death of

military order,[10] similar to the Military Order of Maria Theresa or the Order of Leopold.[11] The present head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria, Duke of Bavaria, is the current Grand Master of the order.[12]

Structure and requirements

Initially, hierarchy of membership was relatively flat. The statutes called for a grand master, in this case the Duke of Jülich,[13] four masters, and a provost, or arms master. Of the four masters, two were required to be representative of families of the Duchies of Jülich or Berg; the origins of the others had no geographic limitations. The masters were the clearing house for membership; they investigated the admission of new members and any alleged infractions by the existing membership. The Provost, a weapons master, maintained the weapons and arms of the brotherhood, and himself wore a special medallion.[11]

The Order was open to men and women, and both genders were entitled companions. Until 1476, there were no limits on the number of companions to be admitted, but that year, with the new edition of the Order's statutes, the Duke limited the number of men to 60;[14] unlimited women could be admitted. The editions of the Order's statutes, two in Latin and two in German, established similar requirements for membership. The Latin editions stipulated that the man be of noble birth—eight generations of noble grandparents—and of unblemished reputation; the German versions required that only four grandparents of the man be noble. Women were to be spouses of a companion; in the 1476 versions of the statutes, both Latin and German, female members of the Duchess' household could be admitted even if their husbands were not members or if the women were single, but were required to resign if they left the service of the Duchess. The exception to this clause provided for their continued membership if their husbands became companions of the order.[11]

Restructuring under Maximilian Joseph IV

In confirming the Order, on 18 May 1808, the King of Bavaria declared the Order to be the first in the kingdom and linked it to the Order of Civic of Merit. He limited membership to twelve knights from the ranks of counts and barons, excluding himself, as grandmaster, and members (native and foreign), who may be nominated by the sovereign. Entrance fees were 200 gold

ducats for princes.[c] Those under the rank of prince paid an entrance fee of 100 silver ducats, which amounted to 120 Reichsthaler; the silver Reichsthaler was 29.44g of .989 fineness.[17] He also established a dress costume for festival days, which included not only the insignia of the Order, but a black collar with a sash, narrow, short breeches with poppy-colored garters and bows, a short black cape, a sword, and a plumed hat.[d][18] Ludwig II was laid in state and was buried in this apparel.[19]

Collars, Badges and Stars

Oval portrait of a man in a red coat wearing the Order of Saint Hubert, a star with red enamel.
An unidentified recipient of the Order of Saint Hubert, prior to 1823

The gold-enameled cross lies in a white field, and surmounted by a crown; on one side is represented the conversion of Saint Hubert, with the legend In trau vast (firm in fidelity) in Gothic letters.[13] On the reverse, lies the imperial orb and the Latin inscription "In memoriam recuperatæ dignitatis a vitæ 1708" ("In remembrance of the restoration of the original dignity, 1708"). Originally, it consisted of a collar and a pendant jewel. The Jülich collar consisted of stylized horns (six for men, four for women), intertwined with a cloud-like figure eight. The jewel depicted a relief of the conversion of Saint Hubert. Its overall design alluded to the Saint as the patron of hunters, and thus the patron of knights.[20] The great cross was only worn on special days; on all other days, a smaller cross must be worn, and the member was fined 20 thalers for any and each omission). The smaller cross was decorated appropriately for its size.[21]

The collar of the Order under the Wittelsbach dynasty consisted of forty-four gold links, twenty-two of which consisted of a rectangular representation of the conversion of Saint Hubert[e] in open relief surrounded by a gold and white enamel frame. These alternated with twenty-two other links consisted of the intertwined initial letters of the motto In trau vast, (firm in fidelity), i.e., I, T and V in Gothic letters radiating small golden rays, each of these links being alternatively enameled red or green. From the center rectangular link hung a white enameled Maltese cross, each arm strewn with numerous small golden flames and each point of the cross was tipped with a small gold ball. Between each arm of this cross were five straight gold rays and in the center of the cross was a round medallion bearing a golden representation in relief of the conversion of Saint Hubert against a green enamel background. The reverse of this cross bore the same design with this same representation but against a red enamel background.[f][21]

Three links from the collar of the Order; the intertwined initials of the motto, in trau vast (firm in fidelity) are intertwined and in alternating links, the relief image of Saint Hubert and the animals.
The links from the collar of the Order

The

Prince-Elector as the Arch-Steward of the Holy Roman Empire
) against a red enamel background and surrounded with a white enamel scroll-like border with the inscription "In memoriam recuperatae dignitatis aviate. 1708" ("In remembrance of the restoration of the original dignity, 1708"). The star of the order, worn on the left breast, was a radiant silver star of eight points surrounding a gold, white enameled cross pattée strewn with golden flames and with a round poppy red enameled central medallion bearing the motto In trau vast in golden Gothic letters and surrounded by a white enameled and gold border.[21]

Two jeweled star-burst medallions. One is heavily crusted with carved gold and small gold beads; the other has carved gold, with a central jewel.
Two exemplars of the Order's medallion from the 19th century. The exemplar on the left is similar to the style produced in the 1840s; it is approximately 87 millimeters (3.4 in) in diameter, with silver balls on the tips of the star points. The center is enamel on gold. An exemplar such as this might be worth $8500 US (2010).[22]

Partial list of recipients

Recipients in Austrian Service

These recipients of the Order of Saint Hubert attained the rank of General in Austrian military service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.[23]

Diplomats

Ludwig II of Bavaria wearing sash and star of the order

French recipients

Belgian Knights of Saint Hubert

Post Napoleonic Recipients

Grandmasters of the Order

A three-quarter length portrait of a brown haired man in black, gold and crimson. He is wearing the medallion and the neck chain of the order, heavily covered in jewels.
Maximillian II of Bavaria (1811–1864), wearing the neck chain and medallion of the Grand Master of the Order of Saint Hubert, and the full dress uniform of the Order.

Compiled from various sources.[31]

Sources

Notes

  1. ^ For examples of contradictions, see Alban Butler. The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866, p. 63 or Hugh Chisholm, "Knighthood: Orders of Knighthood (Bavaria)." Encyclopædia Britannica. New York, The Encyclopædia Britannica Co., 1910–11. Volume 15. p. 863.
  2. ^ One source dates the battle in 1447, not 1444, but this is not documented in other texts. William Guthrie, John Knox and James Ferguson date the battle in 1447.[4]
  3. troy ounce, and 200 ducats were 22.14 troy ounces.[16]
  4. ^ The plumes denoted the rank of the knight, i.e., a plume of red and white or blue and white feathers on the hat of the Grand master, plumes of red feathers on the hats of princely knights and without plumes on the hats of the other knights.
  5. ^ I.e., St. Hubert in the center kneeling before a deer bearing a cross between it antlers coming out forest foliage on the left and a man standing behind St. Hubert holding his horse and raising his hat at the sight on the right.
  6. ^ There is also a variant of this cross worn by the officials of the Order, i.e., the Herald, the Treasurer and the Keeper of the Wardrobe. This cross has five wavy rays in each angle, while each of the limbs of this heraldic cross bears a lion rampart in different colored enamels. The upper limb of this cross the lion is red on white (the arms of Berg); on the right limb the lion is gold on black (arms of the Upper Palatine); on the left limb the lion is black on gold (the arms of Jülich) and on the lower limb the lion is gold on blue (arms of Geldern). The enameling on the reverse of this cross is "bendy fussily argent and azure" (the arms of Bavaria) "impaling or, a fesse argent and gules" (the arms of Mark) in the upper limb; "gules, an escarbuncle or" (the arms of Cleves) on the right limb; "argent, three chevronels, gules" (the arms of Ravensburg) on the left limb and "or, a fesse sable" (the arms of Moers) on the lower limb.

Citations

  1. ^ For example, see F.M. Rudge. "Military Orders of St. Hubert." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 20 January 2010 or Thomas Wilhelm. "Hubert, St. Order of." A military dictionary and gazetteer. Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersly & Co., 1881, p. 230.
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-85115-417-4
    , pp. 604–605.
  3. ^ François Velde. Heradica. 12 March 2006. Accessed 16 February 2010.
  4. ^ A new geographical, historical, and commercial grammar... London: Vernon & Hood [etc., etc] 1801. p. 563).
  5. ^ John Bernard Burke. Book of Orders of Knighthood and Decorations of Honour of all Nations. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1858, pp. 46–47; Boulton, pp. 604–605.
  6. ISBN 978-1-85285-161-3
    , pp. 30–38.
  7. ISBN 978-0-7391-3404-7
    , p. 172.
  8. ^ Rudge, "Military Orders of St. Hubert." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Accessed 20 January 2010.
  9. ^ Ernest Flagg Henderson. A short history of Germany (volume 2). New York: Macmillan, 1917, p. 213.
  10. ^ Rudge, Military Orders of St. Hubert."
  11. ^ a b c Boulton, p. 605.
  12. ISBN 978-0-9711966-7-4
    , p. 295.
  13. ^ a b Rudge, "Military Orders of St. Hubert."
  14. ^ Rudge, "Military Orders of Saint Hubert."
  15. ^ Lawrence H. Officer, Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present. MeasuringWorth, 2009. Accessed 16 April 2010.
  16. ^ M. Reichard, Itinerary of Germany, or A Traveller's Guide. London: Leigh, 1819, p. 70.
  17. ^ M. Reichard, Itinerary of Germany, or A Traveller's Guide. London: Leigh, 1819, pp. 66–70.
  18. ^ Sourindro Mohun Tagore. The orders of knighthood, British and foreign, with a brief review of the titles of rank and merit in ancient Hindusthan. Calcutta, 1884, p. 25.
  19. ISBN 1-86064-892-4
    , p. 200.
  20. ^ Boulton, p. 604.
  21. ^ a b c Tagore, p. 25.
  22. ^ Emedals Catalog. Bavarian House and Knightly Orders See item GST757. Burlington Ontario, Canada. Accessed 17 March 2010.
  23. ^ Extracted from: Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith (compilers). A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815. The Napoleon Series], Robert Burnham (editor in chief). April 2008 version. Accessed 23 February 2010.
  24. ^ See Treaty of Tilsit, 7 July 1807 . Wikisource. Accessed 17 March 2010.
  25. ^ a b c d e f "Decorations and Awards: Bavaria."]. Napoleon Series].
  26. ^ Nathan D. Jensen. Georges Mouton Virtual Arc d Triumphe. 2005–2009 Accessed 17 March 2010.
  27. ^ a b c Albert I;Museum Dynasticum N° .21: 2009/ n° 2.
  28. ISBN 978-0-9711966-7-4
    .
  29. ^ Editors. "Duke of Connaught." Burke's Peerage. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1914, p. 19.
  30. ^ Burke's Peerage, p. 21.
  31. ^ Robert Beatson. A Political Index to the Histories ..." London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1806, pp. 488–489. Frederick Martin et al., "Bavaria." The Statesman's year-book. London [etc.] Palgrave [etc.], 1877, pp 130–132. Thomas Henry Dyer. Modern Europe from the fall of Constantinople to the establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453–1871. London, G. Bell & Sons, 1877, Chapter 29.

Bibliography

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