Order of precedence in the Catholic Church

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Precedence signifies the right to enjoy a prerogative of honor before other persons; for example, to have the most distinguished place in a procession, a ceremony, or an assembly, to have the right to express an opinion, cast a vote, or append a signature before others, to perform the most honorable offices.[1]

The

hierarchy according first to order, then jurisdiction, and finally to titular
or ad personam honors granted to individuals despite a lack of jurisdiction. Emeritus ecclesiastics are counted among the latter.

Sources

At this time, a current table of precedence in its entirety is not published by the Holy See. However, the principles of precedence present in the Codes of Canon Law, and the customs of precedence longstanding, inform any formulation of an order of precedence. Some contemporary authors[2] have compiled reference texts complete with a table of precedence based on such principles, and these, though helpful, remain unofficial in nature.

Though the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia[3] offered a brief order of precedence based on these principles, it was updated and replaced by the New Catholic Encyclopedia in 1967, which was further updated with a Revised Edition in 2002.[4] The current Catholic Encyclopedia does not include an entry on "precedence". Since the publication of the first edition, in 1911, several changes have rendered its order of precedence substantially out of date, including the publication of three codes of canon law (1917, 1983, 1990), an ecumenical council (1962–65), and multiple apostolic constitutions that affect the topic.

Principles and customs

As noted above, the first consideration for precedence is always the hierarchy of order: first

religious
, seminarians, et al.) are not part of the hierarchy of order.

The next principle is the hierarchy of

religious
.

Relatedly, those with jurisdiction take precedence over those with titular, ad personam, or emeritus titles, so someone serving in a specific office (e.g., diocesan bishop) has precedence over someone with a titular claim to the same rank (e.g., titular bishop) or someone who used to serve in an equivalent office (e.g., a retired bishop).

Generally speaking, function, or the exercise of office, has precedence over purely honorary titles. De facto precedence should be applied where, a non-ordained

lay ecclesial minister
serves in an office equivalent listed below (e.g., a diocesan director of Catholic Education is an equal office to an episcopal vicar, a pastoral life director an equal office to pastor, though with respect to the principle of the hierarchy of order noted above).

Among honorary titles, geographic extent is considered (e.g., the national primate has precedence over a titular patriarch, as the former has an honorary title extending over an entire country, but the latter only over a single diocese).

If two persons hold the same office, precedence is given to the one of a higher order (e.g., of two episcopal vicars, one being a presbyter and the other an auxiliary bishop, the bishop takes precedence).[6]

If two persons are of the same order and office, the one who was promoted earlier takes precedence (e.g., of two metropolitan archbishops, whoever was promoted to a metropolitan see first has precedence).[7]

If two persons of the same order and office were promoted at the same time, precedence goes to the one who was ordained first (to that order) (e.g., of two priests appointed as pastors at the same time, whoever was ordained presbyter first has precedence).[8]

In the case of cardinals of the same rank created at the same consistory, precedence is given according to the order in which their names were published.[9]

In their own dioceses, bishops have precedence before other bishops and archbishops, but not before their own metropolitan.[1] A metropolitan archbishop has precedence before all other bishops and archbishops (except the Pope, his Patriarch, or his Primate) within his own province, and a patriarch has precedence over other patriarchs within his own jurisdiction.

Similarly, in their own parishes, pastors have precedence before other presbyters and deacons, even monsignors, but not before their own dean or archdeacon.

Diplomatic precedence in the Holy See's diplomatic corps incorporates the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the updated Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). The office of nuncio (papal ambassador) is primarily a diplomatic rank and not of an ecclesiastical nature. Most nuncios are ordained as titular archbishops, and would be ranked accordingly. If, however, the nuncio is present in a diocese or at an event acting as the personal representative of the pope, as for example at the ordination of a bishop, he is granted precedence accordingly, taking precedence over even cardinals present.

Patriarchs of autonomous (sui iuris) churches have precedence above all other bishops of any rank, including cardinals. This has been defined in law since 1990.[10] From 1965 to 1990, they were ranked as equal to Cardinal-bishops.[11] It remains the case that, if a patriarch is also made a cardinal in the Latin Church, he is created at the rank of cardinal-bishop, without a named see, but retains his place of precedence. From the 1917 Code of Canon Law until the motu proprio of Paul VI in 1965, cardinals of all ranks took precedence over patriarchs.

Order of precedence

Order of precedence in general

  1. Patriarchs[10]
    1. The Pope, Bishop and Patriarch of Rome
    2. The Patriarch of Constantinople [when in communion]
    3. The
      Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria
    4. Patriarchs of Antioch, in order of whom was promoted to the Patriarchal dignity earliest, currently:
      1. The
        Maronite Patriarch of Antioch
      2. The
        Syriac Patriarch of Antioch
      3. The
        Melkite Greek Patriarch of Antioch, of Alexandria and Jerusalem
    5. The
      Baghdad of the Chaldeans
    6. The
      Cilicia
    7. Patriarchs emeritus, in the same order
    1. The )
    2. The Major )
    3. The Major )
    4. The )
  2. Cardinals
    1. Cardinal-bishops
      1. Dean of the Sacred College
      2. Vice-Dean of the Sacred College
      3. Other Cardinal-bishops of Suburbicarian Sees (by date of elevation)
    2. Cardinal-presbyters
      1. Cardinal Protopresbyter
      2. Other Cardinal-presbyters (by date of elevation)
    3. Cardinal-deacons
      1. Cardinal Protodeacon
      2. Other Cardinal-deacons (by date of elevation)
  3. Primates or
    Episcopal Conference
    Presidents
  4. Titular Patriarchs
    1. The
      Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
    2. The Latin Patriarch of Venice
    3. The Latin
      Patriarch of the West Indies
      (vacant since 1963)
    4. The Latin Patriarch of Lisbon
    5. The Latin
      Patriarch of the East Indies
  5. Archbishops
    1. Metropolitan Archbishops
    2. Diocesan Archbishops (non-Metropolitan)
    3. Coadjutor Archbishops
    4. Archbishops ad personam
    5. Titular Archbishops
  6. Bishops
    1. Diocesan Bishops
    2. Coadjutor Bishops
    3. Titular Bishops (e.g., auxiliaries) or Chorbishops
  7. Ordinaries of territorial jurisdictions other than dioceses
    1. Territorial Prelate (formerly, prelate nullius)[13]
    2. Territorial Abbot
      (formerly, abbot nullius)
    3. Vicar apostolic
    4. Exarch apostolic
    5. Prefect apostolic
    6. Apostolic administrator
  8. Ordinaries of personal (non-territorial) jurisdictions
    1. Supreme Moderators of Institutes of Consecrated Life or Societies of Apostolic Life ("
      Superiors General
      ")
    2. Prelate of Personal prelature
    3. Ordinary of Personal ordinariate or Military ordinariate
    4. Presidents of international
      associations of the faithful
  9. Ordinaries (vicarious)
    1. Diocesan administrators (formerly, vicar capitular)
    2. Archdeacons
    3. Vicars general or protosyncellus
    4. Vicars episcopal
    5. Provincial Superiors
  10. Protonotary apostolic (Monsignor)
    1. De Numero
    2. Supernumerary
  11. Members of the Order of Pope Pius IX
    1. Knight/Dame Grand Cross with Collar
    2. Knight/Dame Grand Cross
    3. Knight/Dame Grand Officer
    4. Knight/Dame Commander
    5. Knight/Dame
  12. Canons
    of
    1. Metropolitan chapters
    2. Cathedral chapters
    3. Collegiate Chapters
  13. Diocesan Consultors
  14. Honorary Prelates of His Holiness
    (Monsignor)
  15. Members of the Order of St. Gregory the Great
    1. Knight/Dame Grand Cross
    2. Knight/Dame Commander with Star
    3. Knight/Dame Commander
    4. Knight/Dame
  16. Archimandrites
  17. Members of the Order of St. Sylvester
    1. Knight/Dame Grand Cross
    2. Knight/Dame Commander with Star
    3. Knight/Dame Commander
    4. Knight/Dame
  18. Recipients of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Medal
  19. Vicars forane & Deans
  20. Recipients of the
    Benemerenti Medal
  21. Pastors or Pastoral Life Coordinators[14]
  22. Parochial vicars
    or Pastoral Associates
  23. Deacons

Precedence of forms of consecrated life

Within each category, precedence is determined by the date of founding of the institute, society, or association.

  1. Forms of Individual Consecrated Life
    1. Consecrated virgins
    2. Hermits
  2. Institutes of Consecrated Life
    1. Religious institutes
      1. Monastic Orders (monks/nuns)
      2. Canons Regular
      3. Mendicant Orders
      4. Clerics Regular
      5. Clerical Religious Congregations
      6. Lay Religious Congregations
    2. Secular institutes
      1. Clerical Secular Institutes
      2. Lay Secular Institutes
  3. Lay Societies
  4. Personal prelatures
  5. Associations of the Christian Faithful
    or Lay Movements
    1. Public Associations
      1. Third Orders
        , Oblates, etc.
      2. Archconfraternities
      3. Confraternities
      4. Other Associations
    2. Private Associations

Precedence within religious institutes

  1. Superiors General of religious institutes
  2. Assistants Superiors General
    1. Procurator-general
    2. Definitors-general
  3. Provincial superior, Provincial prior, Archimandrite
  4. Religious superior
    - Monastic superiors
    1. Abbot
    2. conventual prior
    3. Obedientiary prior
  5. Second
    1. Claustral prior or Deans
    2. Sub-prior
  6. Archimandrite, honorary
  7. Hieromonks (priests of religious institutes)
  8. Sisters[15]

Precedence within chapters

  1. Dean/Provost or other heads of chapters
  2. Other officers (treasurer, a secretary, and a sacristan, canon theologian, canon penitentiary)
  3. Capitulars or canons[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Precedence" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. .
  3. ^ Noonan. Church Visible. p. 196.
  4. .
  5. ^ Peters, Edward N. (2001). 1917 Code of Canon Law. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 106.2.
  6. ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law. p. 106.3.
  7. ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law. p. 106.3.
  8. ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law. p. 106.3.
  9. ^ Noonan. Church Visible. p. 194.
  10. ^ .
  11. ^ Paul VI (1965). Ad Purpuratorum Patrum.
  12. ^ 1990 Code of Canons for the Oriental Churches, Canon 154 Major archbishops hold the precedence of honor immediately after patriarchs according to the order in which the Church over which they preside was erected as a major archiepiscopal Church.
  13. ^ Code of Canon Law. 1983. p. 370.
  14. ^ Code of Canon Law. 1983. p. 517.2.
  15. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Religious Life" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  16. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Chapter" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.