Order of the Golden Spur
Order of the Golden Spur Ordo Militiae Auratae | |
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Order of Pius IX | |
Ribbon bar of the order |
The Order of the Golden Spur
History
Before 19th century: a noble order
It is accounted the earliest papal chivalric institution.[3]
The Order of the Golden Spur had its origins in the title
By the mid-18th century the Order was being so indiscriminately bestowed that Casanova remarked "The Order they call the Golden Spur was so disparaged that people irritated me greatly when they asked me the details of my cross;"[9] he had the grace to add that he would have been pleased if he had been able to answer "mon Toison", and he did habitually wear it, nevertheless, on its scarlet riband. In 1777 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had his portrait painted with the star-encircled cross of the order on his coat,[10] and the Order granted to Giovanni Battista Piranesi permitted him to sign his etchings Cav. G.B. Piranesi. The Order was granted to "those in the pontifical government, artists, and others, whom the pope should think deserving of reward. It is likewise given to strangers, no other condition being required, but that of professing the catholic religion."[11]
19th century: decline of the order
In the 19th century, members of the
The badge, as described by Robson in 1830, was an eight-pointed gold cross with a ray point between each arm and the legend BENE MER•ENTI. On the reverse was Ex dono with the name and date when presented. On top of the cross, an imperial crown, and at the base a small spur.
In 1841,
20th century till present
On 7 February 1905, in commemoration of the
With the death of
Insignia
The emblems of the order after the 1905 reorganization consists of:
- The badge, an eight-pointed, enamelled gold cross, in whose center is a small white medallion on one side of which is the word "Maria" surrounded by a golden circle, and on the other the year MDCCCCV and in its surrounding circle the words "Pius X Restituit". Pendant from the bottom of the cross is a small golden spur. The decoration is suspended from a red ribbon with white borders.
- The star, which is worn on the left breast, is the same cross centered upon the rays of a silver star.
The official uniform is a red tunic decorated with two rows of gilt buttons, black velvet collar and cuffs embroidered in gold, black trousers with gold side stripes, epaulettes ornamented with gold fringes and surmounted on top with the emblem of the order, gold spurs, oblong two-peaked hat trimmed with gold and bearing the papal colors, and a sword whose hilt forms a gilt cross in a black scabbard, held in place with a gold sword belt with red fringe.
In the early days of the order its members were entitled to wear a gold livery collar (chain), but when the order was revived in 1905 this was not resumed, though the collar remains a symbol of the order.
In ecclesiastical heraldry, individuals awarded this Order may depict the gold livery collar completely encircling the shield on their coat of arms.[18]
Notable recipients
- Diego García de Paredes (1466–1534), Spanish soldier[citation needed]
- Raphael (1483–1520), artist[citation needed]
- Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), artist and biographer[citation needed]
- Orlande de Lassus (1532-1594), composer, conferred by Pope Gregory XIII[19]
- Domenico Fontana (1543 – 28 June 1607)[20]
- printmaker
- Cardinal and uncle of Pope Gregory XIV
- Nicholas Plunkett (1602–1680), Irish lawyer and Confederate leader[citation needed]
- Antonio Latini (1642–1692), steward to Cardinal Antonio Barberini, cardinal-nephew of Pope Urban VIII
- Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787), German classical composer[citation needed]
- Bartolomeo Cavaceppi (c. 1716–1799), Italian sculptor[citation needed]
- Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798), adventurer[21]
- Giovanni Gallini (1729–1805), dancer and impresario in London 1760–1800[citation needed]
- Georg Joseph Vogler (1749–1814), German composer, conferred by Pope Clement XIV[22]
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), classical composer, at the age of fourteen[23]
- Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer[24]
- Miklós Horthy (1868–1957), Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)[citation needed]
- Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)[25]
- Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893–1976), Regent of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
- Hussein bin Talal (1935-1999), King of Jordan (1952-1999)
- Shah of Iran[26]
- Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921–2019)
- Sukarno (1901–1970), President of Indonesia[27]
See also
References
- ^ Heraldically gold, it is to be understood: "Throughout the Middle Ages gold was far too rare to permit spurs being made of solid gold, despite the importance with which spurs were regarded. They were usually made of iron, brass, or copper, silvered or gilded, and often of iron tinned". (Stephen V. Grancsay, "A Pair of Spurs Bearing the Bourbon Motto" The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 36.8 (August 1941:170–172) p. 171).
- ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), p. 1272
- ^ Sainty, Guy Stair, "History of the Papal Orders", Alamanch de la Cour, chivalricorders.org, archived from the original on 13 August 2007, retrieved 18 August 2007
- ^ Comes palatini Lateranensis.
- ^ Paul F. Grendler, The Universities of the Italian Renaissance (2004), p. 184, note 130; the title empowered Fenzio to confer the license of doctor of civil law.
- ^ Grendler 2004:184 note 134.
- ^ C Hope, "Titian as a Court Painter", Oxford Art Journal, 1979.
- ^ Thomas Robson, The British Herald; or, Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility... (1830) s.v. "Golden Spur, in Rome" and plate 4 (fig. 21) and 5 (figs 3 and 7).
- ^ "L'ordre qu'on appelle de l'Éperon d'Or était si décrié qu'on m'ennuyait beaucoup quand on demandait des nouvelles de ma croix." (Histoire de ma vie, 8;ix);.
- ^ Hulton Archive
- ^ Robson 1830.
- ^ "Scrutator" in Notes and Queries 3rd Series, 3, p. 254.
- ^ Robson 1830; the language used in the patent was French, the international diplomatic lingua franca of the era.
- ^ The bachelor Honoré V, Prince of Monaco, had died the previous year, during which the pope had included the Order within the Order of Saint Sylvester and the Golden Militia.
- ^ The National Museum of western Art: Daumier, "Bohemians of Paris", 24 (illustrated).
- ^ Papal knights[permanent dead link]
- The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. IV, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 18 August 2007
- ISBN 0-670-86745-4
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913, s.v. "Orlandus de Lassus".
- ^ Sauer, Joseph. "Domenico Fontana." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 7 December 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Casanova, Histoire de ma vie, 7:ix, 8:ix.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vogler, Georg Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 171–172. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life: Selected Letters, transl. Robert Spaethling, (W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 2000), 17.
- ^ "... culminating with a brilliant season [1821] in Rome, during which he was, by Pope Leo XII, decorated with the Order of the Golden Spur..." Nicolo Paganini and His Guarnerius: A Reminiscence of Genoa,The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular,Vol. 27, No. 519 (May 1, 1886), pp. 266-270
- ^ Kertzer, David I. (28 January 2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Random House.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio, 1954, p. 998
- ^ "List of All Award". National Library of Indonesia. Retrieved 9 November 2022.