established the award in 1831 as the Imperial and Royal Order of the White Eagle. A recipient of the Order was granted the title Knight of the Imperial (and Royal) Order of the White Eagle.
Background
Further information on 1815 Poland-Russian Unification: Congress Poland
The "white eagle" has been associated with Poland even prior to statehood; first appearing on the
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna divided the historically Polish lands among Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire. The majority of the territory was renamed the Kingdom of Poland and was to be an autonomous part of the Russian Empire.
The Order of the White Eagle is mentioned as belonging to the Kingdom of Poland in its constitution of 1815:
The Polish civilian and military Orders, of the White Eagle, Saint Stanislaus and the Cross of the Military, are preserved. (Ordery Polskie cywilne i woyskowe, to iest: Orła Białego, Świętego Stanisława i Krzyża Woyskowego, są zachowane.)
During the years immediately following the Congress of Vienna, the badge and cross of the Order were awarded with the same Polish insignia, but the majority of the recipients were Russians or members of the Austrian Empire.[3]
After Russian troops put down the Polish uprising of 1830-31, Nicholas I stripped the autonomy from the Kingdom of Poland and adopted all Polish orders of merit.[4]
Order within the Russian Empire
The badge of the Order of the White Eagle, 1863
The Order of the White Eagle was officially "annexed" by Nicholas I on 17 November 1831 and became part of the Russian Imperial honors system. Among the first recipients of the Imperial Order of the White Eagle were
Pyotr Petrovich Palen, recognised for their part in suppressing the Polish uprising.[4]
The new design featured significant alterations: the badge was now of gold and red enamel; on the front, the original red maltese cross and white eagle were reduced in size and superimposed over the double-headed eagle of the Russian Empire. The back of the badge featured the original Polish badge design, superimposed over the Russian imperial eagle. The star now featured the Russian royal crown.[3]
On 25 January 1832, a blue ribbon and sash were introduced.[4]
The Order of the White Eagle was given a high status in the hierarchy of distinction, ranked only behind the
Russian Orthodox saints, the Order of the White Eagle was the preferred award to bestow upon non-Christians. It granted hereditary nobility.[4]
Recipients
List of recipients of Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)
