Orders of magnitude (numbers)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
".001" redirects here. For the file extension, see
.001 (file extension)
.

The logarithmic scale can compactly represent the relationship among variously sized numbers.

This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities. Each number is given a name in the short scale, which is used in English-speaking countries, as well as a name in the long scale, which is used in some of the countries that do not have English as their national language.

Smaller than 10−100 (one googolth)

Chimpanzee probably not typing Hamlet
  • Mathematics – random selections: Approximately 10−183,800 is a rough first estimate of the probability that a typing "monkey", or an English-illiterate typing robot, when placed in front of a typewriter, will type out William Shakespeare's play Hamlet as its first set of inputs, on the precondition it typed the needed number of characters.[1] However, demanding correct punctuation, capitalization, and spacing, the probability falls to around 10−360,783.[2]
  • Computing: 2.2×10−78913 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an octuple-precision IEEE floating-point value.
    • 1×10−6176 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.
    • 6.5×10−4966 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE floating-point value.
    • 3.6×10−4951 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an 80-bit x86 double-extended IEEE floating-point value.
    • 1×10−398 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a double-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.
    • 4.9×10−324 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a
      IEEE floating-point
      value.
    • 1.5×10−157 is approximately equal to the probability that in a randomly selected group of 365 people, all of them will have different birthdays.[3]
    • 1×10−101 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.

10−100 to 10−30

1/52! chance of a specific shuffle
  • Mathematics: The chances of shuffling a standard 52-card deck in any specific order is around 1.24×10−68 (or exactly 1⁄52!)[4]
  • Computing: The number 1.4×10−45 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value.

10−30

(0.000000000000000000000000000001; 1000−10; short scale: one nonillionth; long scale: one quintillionth)

ISO:

quecto-
(q)

  • Mathematics: The probability in a game of
    suit each is approximately 4.47×10−28.[5]

10−27

(0.000000000000000000000000001; 1000−9; short scale: one octillionth; long scale: one quadrilliardth)

ISO:

ronto-
(r)

10−24

(0.000000000000000000000001; 1000−8; short scale: one septillionth; long scale: one quadrillionth)

ISO:

yocto-
(y)

10−21

(0.000000000000000000001; 1000−7; short scale: one sextillionth; long scale: one trilliardth)

ISO:

zepto-
(z)

10−18

Snake eyes

(0.000000000000000001; 1000−6; short scale: one quintillionth; long scale: one trillionth)

ISO:

atto-
(a)

  • Mathematics: The probability of rolling snake eyes 10 times in a row on a pair of fair dice is about 2.74×10−16.

10−15

(0.000000000000001; 1000−5; short scale: one quadrillionth; long scale: one billiardth)

ISO:

femto-
(f)

  • Mathematics: The
    Ramanujan constant
    , is an almost integer, differing from the nearest integer by approximately 7.5×10−13.

10−12

(0.000000000001; 1000−4; short scale: one trillionth; long scale: one billionth)

ISO:

pico-
(p)

  • Mathematics: The probability in a game of bridge of one player getting a complete suit is approximately 2.52×10−11 (0.00000000252%).
  • Biology: Human
    visual sensitivity to 1000 nm light is approximately 1.0×10−10 of its peak sensitivity at 555 nm.[7]

10−9

(0.000000001; 1000−3; short scale: one billionth; long scale: one milliardth)

ISO: nano- (n)

  • Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the US Powerball lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as of October 2015, are 292,201,338 to 1 against, for a probability of 3.422×10−9 (0.0000003422%).
  • Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the Australian Powerball lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as of April 2018, are 134,490,400 to 1 against, for a probability of 7.435×10−9 (0.0000007435%).
  • Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Jackpot (matching the 6 main numbers) in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as of August 2009, are 13,983,815 to 1 against, for a probability of 7.151×10−8 (0.000007151%).

10−6

(0.000001; 1000−2; long and short scales: one millionth)

ISO: micro- (μ)

Poker hands
Poker hands
Hand Chance
1. Royal flush 0.00015%
2. Straight flush 0.0014%
3. Four of a kind 0.024%
4. Full house 0.14%
5. Flush 0.19%
6. Straight 0.59%
7. Three of a kind 2.1%
8. Two pairs 4.8%
9. One pair 42%
10. No pair 50%

10−3

(0.001; 1000−1; one thousandth)

ISO: milli- (m)

  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a
    full house
    in poker are 693 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10−3 (0.14%).
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a
    flush
    in poker are 507.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.9 × 10−3 (0.19%).
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a
    straight
    in poker are 253.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 4 × 10−3 (0.39%).
  • Physics: α = 0.007297352570(5), the fine-structure constant.

10−2

(0.01; one hundredth)

ISO: centi- (c)

  • Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2003, are 54 to 1 against, for a probability of about 0.018 (1.8%).
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a three of a kind in poker are 46 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.021 (2.1%).
  • Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the Powerball, with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2015, are 24.87 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.0402 (4.02%).
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt
    two pair
    in poker are 21 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.048 (4.8%).

10−1

(0.1; one tenth)

ISO: deci- (d)

  • Legal history: 10% was widespread as the tax raised for income or produce in the ancient and medieval period; see tithe.
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt only
    one pair
    in poker are about 5 to 2 against (2.37 to 1), for a probability of 0.42 (42%).
  • Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt
    no pair
    in poker are nearly 1 to 2, for a probability of about 0.5 (50%).

100

planets of the Solar System

(1; one)

101

Ten digits on two human hands

(10; ten)

ISO: deca- (da)

102

128 ASCII characters

(100; hundred)

ISO: hecto- (h)

  • European history: Groupings of 100 homesteads were a common administrative unit in Northern Europe and Great Britain (see Hundred (county division)).
  • Music: There are 104
    Franz Josef Haydn
    .
  • Religion: 108 is a sacred number in Hinduism.
  • Chemistry: 118 chemical elements have been discovered or synthesized as of 2016.
  • Computing – ASCII: There are 128 characters in the ASCII character set, including nonprintable control characters.
  • Videogames: There are 151 Pokémon in the first generation.
  • Phonology: The Taa language is estimated to have between 130 and 164 distinct phonemes.
  • Political Science: There were 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011.
  • Computing: A
    8-bit
    image) supports maximum 256 (=28) colors.
  • Computing – Unicode: There are 327 different Unicode blocks as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
  • Aviation: 583 people died in the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, the deadliest accident not caused by deliberate terrorist action in the history of civil aviation.
  • Music: The highest number (626) in the Köchel catalogue of works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
  • Demography: Vatican City, the least populous independent country, has an approximate population of 800 as of 2018.

103

Roman legion (precise size varies)

(1000; thousand)

ISO: kilo- (k)

  • Demography: The population of Ascension Island is 1,122.
  • Music: 1,128: number of known extant works by Johann Sebastian Bach recognized in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis as of 2017.
  • Typesetting: 2,000–3,000 letters on a typical typed page of text.
  • Mathematics: 2,520 (5×7×8×9 or 23×32×5×7) is the least common multiple of every positive integer under (and including) 10.
  • Terrorism: 2,996 persons (including 19 terrorists) died in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
  • Biology: the DNA of the simplest viruses has 3,000 base pairs.[9]
  • Military history: 4,200 (Republic) or 5,200 (Empire) was the standard size of a Roman legion.
  • Linguistics: Estimates for the
    SIL Ethnologue
    in 2009 listed 6,909 known living languages.)
  • Astronomy – Catalogues: There are 7,840
    NGC Catalogue
    from 1888.
  • Lexicography: 8,674 unique words in the Hebrew Bible.

104

(10000; ten thousand or a myriad)

  • Biology: Each neuron in the human brain is estimated to connect to 10,000 others.
  • Demography: The population of Tuvalu was 10,544 in 2007.
  • Lexicography: 14,500 unique English words occur in the King James Version of the Bible.
  • Zoology: There are approximately 17,500 distinct butterfly species known.[10]
  • Language: There are 20,000–40,000 distinct
    Chinese characters
    in more than occasional use.
  • Biology: Each human being is estimated to have 20,000 coding genes.[11]
  • Grammar: Each regular verb in Cherokee can have 21,262 inflected forms.
  • War: 22,717 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of battle in American history.
  • Computing – Unicode: 42,720 characters are encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, the most of any single public-use Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
  • Aviation: As of July 2021, 44,000+ airframes have been built of the Cessna 172, the most-produced aircraft in history.
  • Computing - Fonts: The maximum possible number of glyphs in a TrueType or OpenType font is 65,535 (216-1), the largest number representable by the 16-bit unsigned integer used to record the total number of glyphs in the font.
  • Computing – Unicode: A
    UCS-2
    encoding.
  • Mathematics:
    Fermat prime
    .
  • Memory: As of 2015, the largest number of decimal places of π that have been recited from memory is 70,030.[12]

105

100,000–150,000 strands of human hair

(100000; one hundred thousand or a lakh).

  • Demography: The population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was 100,982 in 2009.
  • Biology – Strands of hair on a head: The average human head has about 100,000–150,000 strands of hair.
  • Literature: approximately 100,000 verses (shlokas) in the Mahabharata.
  • Computing – Unicode: 149,186 characters (including control characters) encoded in Unicode as of version 15.0 (2022).
  • Language: 267,000 words in James Joyce's Ulysses.
  • Computing – Unicode: 293,168 code points assigned to a Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0.
  • Genocide: 300,000 people killed in the
    Rape of Nanking
    .
  • Language – English words: The
    New Oxford Dictionary of English contains about 360,000 definitions for English words
    .
  • Mathematics: 360,000 – The approximate number of entries in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as of January 2023.[13]
  • Biology – Plants: There are approximately 390,000 distinct plant species known, of which approximately 20% (or 78,000) are in risk of extinction.[14]
  • Biology – Flowers: There are approximately 400,000 distinct flower species on Earth.[15]
  • Literature: 564,000 words in War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy.
  • Literature: 930,000 words in the King James Version of the Bible.
  • Mathematics: There are 933,120 possible combinations on the Pyraminx.
  • Computing – Unicode: There are 974,530 publicly-assignable code points (i.e., not surrogates, private-use code points, or noncharacters) in Unicode.

106

3,674,160 Pocket Cube positions

(1000000; 10002; long and short scales: one million)

ISO: mega- (M)

107

12,988,816 domino tilings of a checkerboard

(10000000; a crore; long and short scales: ten million)

108

(100000000; long and short scales: one hundred million)

109

World population estimates

(1000000000; 10003; short scale: one billion; long scale: one thousand million, or one milliard)

ISO: giga- (G)

1010

(10000000000; short scale: ten billion; long scale: ten thousand million, or ten milliard)

1011

(100000000000; short scale: one hundred billion; long scale: hundred thousand million, or hundred milliard)

1012

1012 stars in the Andromeda Galaxy

(1000000000000; 10004; short scale: one trillion; long scale: one billion)

ISO:

tera-
(T)

  • Astronomy: Andromeda Galaxy, which is part of the same Local Group as our galaxy, contains about 1012 stars.
  • Biology – Bacteria on the human body: The surface of the human body houses roughly 1012 bacteria.[25]
  • Astronomy – Galaxies: A 2016 estimate says there are 2 × 1012 galaxies in the observable universe.[33]
  • Biology – Blood cells in the human body: The average human body has 2.5 × 1012 red blood cells.[medical citation needed]
  • Biology: An estimate says there were 3.04 × 1012 trees on Earth in 2015.[34]
  • Marine biology: 3,500,000,000,000 (3.5 × 1012) – estimated population of fish in the ocean.[citation needed]
  • Mathematics: 7,625,597,484,987 – a number that often appears when dealing with powers of 3. It can be expressed as , , , and 33 or when using Knuth's up-arrow notation it can be expressed as and .
  • Astronomy: A
    kilometers (9.46×1012 km
    ).
  • Mathematics: 1013 – The approximate number of known non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function as of 2004.[35]
  • Mathematics – Known digits of π: As of March 2019, the number of known digits of π is 31,415,926,535,897 (the integer part of π×1013).[36]
  • Biology – approximately 1014 synapses in the human brain.[37]
  • Biology – Cells in the human body: The
    bacteria
    , which mostly reside in the gastrointestinal tract, although the skin is also covered in bacteria.
  • Mathematics: The first case of exactly 18 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 122,853,771,370,900 + n,[40] for n = 1, 3, 7, 19, 21, 27, 31, 33, 37, 49, 51, 61, 69, 73, 87, 91, 97, 99.
  • Cryptography: 150,738,274,937,250 configurations of the plug-board of the Enigma machine used by the Germans in WW2 to encode and decode messages by cipher.
  • Computing –
    MAC-48: 281,474,976,710,656 (248) possible unique physical addresses
    .
  • Mathematics: 953,467,954,114,363 is the largest known
    Motzkin prime
    .

1015

1015 to 1016 ants on Earth

(1000000000000000; 10005; short scale: one quadrillion; long scale: one thousand billion, or one billiard)

ISO:

peta-
(P)

1018

≈4.33×1019 Rubik's Cube positions

(1000000000000000000; 10006;

quintillion; long scale
: one trillion)

ISO:

exa-
(E)

1021

≈6.7×1021 sudoku grids

(1000000000000000000000; 10007;

trilliard
)

ISO:

zetta-
(Z)

  • Geo – Grains of sand: All the world's beaches combined have been estimated to hold roughly 1021 grains of sand.[48]
  • Computing – Manufacturing: Intel predicted that there would be 1.2×1021 transistors in the world by 2015[49] and Forbes estimated that 2.9×1021 transistors had been shipped up to 2014.[50]
  • Mathematics – Sudoku: There are 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 (≈6.7×1021) 9×9 sudoku grids.[51]
  • Astronomy – Stars: 70 sextillion = 7×1022, the estimated number of stars within range of telescopes (as of 2003).[52]
  • Astronomy – Stars: in the range of 1023 to 1024 stars in the observable universe.[53]
  • Mathematics: 146,361,946,186,458,562,560,000 (≈1.5×1023) is the fifth unitary perfect number.
  • Mathematics: 357,686,312,646,216,567,629,137 (≈3.6×1023) is the largest
    left-truncatable prime
    .
Visualisation of a mole of 1 mm3 cubes arranged into a cube with 84.4 km (52.4 mi) sides, overlaid on maps of South East England and London (top), and Long Island and New York City (bottom)
  • Chemistry – Physics: The Avogadro constant (6.02214076×1023) is the number of constituents (e.g. atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance, defined for convenience as expressing the order of magnitude separating the molecular from the macroscopic scale.

1024

(1000000000000000000000000; 10008;

septillion; long scale
: one quadrillion)

ISO:

yotta-
(Y)

1027

(1000000000000000000000000000; 10009;

octillion; long scale
: one thousand quadrillion, or one quadrilliard)

ISO:

ronna-
(R)

1030

5 × 1030 bacterial cells on Earth

(1000000000000000000000000000000; 100010;

quintillion
)

ISO:

quetta-
(Q)

  • Biology – Bacterial cells on Earth: The number of bacterial cells on Earth is estimated at 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, or 5 × 1030.[56]
  • Mathematics: 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,027 is the largest quasi-minimal prime.
  • Mathematics: The number of partitions of 1000 is 24,061,467,864,032,622,473,692,149,727,991.[57]
  • Mathematics: 368 = 278,128,389,443,693,511,257,285,776,231,761 is the largest known power of three not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.
  • Mathematics: 2108 = 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 is the largest known power of two not containing the digit '9' in its decimal representation.[58]
  • Mathematics: 739 = 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 is the largest known power of 7 not containing the digit '7' in its decimal representation.

1033

(1000000000000000000000000000000000; 100011;

decillion; long scale
: one thousand quintillion, or one quintilliard)

1036

(1000000000000000000000000000000000000; 100012;

sextillion
)

  • Mathematics: 227−1 − 1 = 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (≈1.7×1038) is the largest known
    double Mersenne prime
    .
  • Computing: 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367×1038), the theoretical maximum number of Internet addresses that can be allocated under the
    Universally Unique Identifiers
    (UUIDs) that can be generated.
  • Cryptography: 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367×1038), the total number of different possible keys in the
    key space
    (symmetric cipher).

1039

(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000; 100013;

duodecillion; long scale
: one thousand sextillion, or one sextilliard)

1042 to 10100

(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000; 100014;

septillion
)

  • Mathematics: 141×2141+1 = 393,050,634,124,102,232,869,567,034,555,427,371,542,904,833 (≈3.93×1044) is the second
    Cullen prime
    .
  • Mathematics: There are 7,401,196,841,564,901,869,874,093,974,498,574,336,000,000,000 (≈7.4×1045) possible permutations for the Rubik's Revenge (4×4×4 Rubik's Cube).
4.52×1046 legal chess positions

10100 (one googol) to 101000

See also: googol

(10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;

sexdecillion, or ten sexdecillard)[65]
≈2.08×10170 legal Go positions
  • Go: There are 208 168 199 381 979 984 699 478 633 344 862 770 286 522 453 884 530 548 425 639 456 820 927 419 612 738 015 378 525 648 451 698 519 643 907 259 916 015 628 128 546 089 888 314 427 129 715 319 317 557 736 620 397 247 064 840 935 (≈2.08×10170) legal positions in the game of Go. See Go and mathematics.
  • Economics: The annualized rate of the hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946 was estimated to be 2.9×10177%.[66] It was the most extreme case of hyperinflation ever recorded.
  • Board games: 3.457×10181, number of ways to arrange the tiles in English Scrabble on a standard 15-by-15 Scrabble board.
  • Physics: 10186, approximate number of
    Planck volumes in the observable universe
    .
  • Shogi: 10226, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of shogi.
  • Physics: 7×10245, approximate spacetime volume of the history of the observable universe in Planck units.[67]
  • Computing: 1.797 693 134 862 315 807×10308 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE
    double precision floating-point format
    .
  • Computing: (10 – 10−15)×10384 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal64 floating-point format.
  • Mathematics: 997# × 31# × 25 × 34 × 54 × 7 = 7 128 865 274 665 093 053 166 384 155 714 272 920 668 358 861 885 893 040 452 001 991 154 324 087 581 111 499 476 444 151 913 871 586 911 717 817 019 575 256 512 980 264 067 621 009 251 465 871 004 305 131 072 686 268 143 200 196 609 974 862 745 937 188 343 705 015 434 452 523 739 745 298 963 145 674 982 128 236 956 232 823 794 011 068 809 262 317 708 861 979 540 791 247 754 558 049 326 475 737 829 923 352 751 796 735 248 042 463 638 051 137 034 331 214 781 746 850 878 453 485 678 021 888 075 373 249 921 995 672 056 932 029 099 390 891 687 487 672 697 950 931 603 520 000 (≈7.13×10432) is the least common multiple of every integer from 1 to 1000.

101000 to 1010100 (one googolplex)

See also: googolplex
largest known prime

Larger than 1010100

(One googolplex; 10googol; short scale: googolplex; long scale: googolplex)

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2
    .
  2. ^ There are around 130,000 letters and 199,749 total characters in Hamlet; 26 letters ×2 for capitalization, 12 for punctuation characters = 64, 64199749 ≈ 10360,783.
  3. ^ Calculated: 365! / 365365 ≈ 1.455×10−157
  4. ^ Robert Matthews. "What are the odds of shuffling a deck of cards into the right order?". Science Focus. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  5. ^ www.BridgeHands.com, Sales. "Probabilities Miscellaneous: Bridge Odds". Archived from the original on 2009-10-03.
  6. ^ Wilco, Daniel (16 March 2023). "The absurd odds of a perfect NCAA bracket". NCAA.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  7. PMID 13998626
    .
  8. ^ Courtney Taylor. "The Probability of Being Dealt a Royal Flush in Poker". ThoughtCo. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  9. PMID 7463557
    .
  10. ^ "Butterflies". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  11. ^ a b "Homo sapiens – Ensembl genome browser 87". www.ensembl.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  12. ^ "Pi World Ranking List". Archived from the original on 2017-06-29.
  13. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A360000". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  14. ^ "Kew report makes new tally for number of world's plants". BBC News. 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  15. ^ "Estimate of flowering plant species to be cut by 600,000". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  16. ^ Jacob. "How Many Video Games Exist?". Gaming Shift. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  17. ^ Kibrik, A. E. (2001). "Archi (Caucasian—Daghestanian)", The Handbook of Morphology, Blackwell, pg. 468
  18. ISBN 978-0-471-45212-6
    .
  19. ^ Queen, Tim (26 March 2022). "How Many YouTube Channels Are There?". Tim Queen. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  20. ^ Plouffe's Inverter Archived 2005-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "How many cars are there in the world?". carsguide. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  22. ^ "How many Gmail user accounts are there in the world? | blog.gsmart.in". Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  23. ^ Christof Baron (2015). "Facebook users worldwide 2016 | Statista". Statista. statista.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09.
  24. ^ Kight, Stef W.; Lysik, Tory (14 November 2022). "The human race at 8 billion". Axios. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Earth microbes on the moon". Science@Nasa. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  26. ^ "How Many Planets are in the Milky Way? | Amount, Location & Key Facts". The Nine Planets. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  27. ^ January 2013, Space com Staff 02 (2 January 2013). "100 Billion Alien Planets Fill Our Milky Way Galaxy: Study". Space.com. Retrieved 2020-11-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. PMID 19915731
    .
  29. ^ "Platelets dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  30. S2CID 250877833. (citing the range of 80 to 150 billion, citing K. M. Weiss, Human Biology 56637, 1984, and N. Keyfitz, Applied Mathematical Demography, New York: Wiley, 1977). C. Haub, "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?", Population Today 23.2), pp. 5–6, cited an estimate of 105 billion births since 50,000 BC, updated to 107 billion as of 2011 in Haub, Carl (October 2011). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?". Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original
    on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013. (due to the high infant mortality in pre-modern times, close to half of this number would not have lived past infancy).
  31. ^ Elizabeth Howell, How Many Stars Are in the Milky Way? Archived 2016-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Space.com, 21 May 2014 (citing estimates from 100 to 400 billion).
  32. ^ "Prime Number Races" (PDF). granville.dvi. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  33. ^ Hollis, Morgan (13 October 2016). "A universe of two trillion galaxies". The Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  34. ^ Jonathan Amos (3 September 2015). "Earth's trees number 'three trillion'". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.
  35. ^ Xavier Gourdon (October 2004). "Computation of zeros of the Zeta function". Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  36. ^ Haruka Iwao, Emma (14 March 2019). "Pi in the sky: Calculating a record-breaking 31.4 trillion digits of Archimedes' constant on Google Cloud". Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  37. ^ Koch, Christof. Biophysics of computation: information processing in single neurons. Oxford university press, 2004.
  38. PMID 334036
    .
  39. PMID 8950812
    .
  40. ^ a b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A186311 (Least century 100k to 100k+99 with exactly n primes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  41. E.O. Wilson
    The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies New York:2009 W.W. Norton Page 5
  42. ^ Silva, Tomás Oliveira e. "Goldbach conjecture verification". Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  43. ^ "60th Birthday of Microelectronics Industry". Semiconductor Industry Association. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  44. ^ Sequence A131646 Archived 2011-09-01 at the Wayback Machine in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
  45. ^ "Smithsonian Encyclopedia: Number of Insects Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback Machine". Prepared by the Department of Systematic Biology, Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, in cooperation with Public Inquiry Services, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed 27 December 2016. Facts about numbers of insects. Puts the number of individual insects on Earth at about 10 quintillion (1019).
  46. ISBN 0-7611-1826-8
    .
  47. ^ "Scores of Zimbabwe farms 'seized'". BBC. 23 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  48. ^ "To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand". Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.
  49. ^ "Intel predicts 1,200 quintillion transistors in the world by 2015". Archived from the original on 2013-04-05.
  50. ^ "How Many Transistors Have Ever Shipped? – Forbes". Forbes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  51. ^ "Sudoku enumeration". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06.
  52. ^ "Star count: ANU astronomer makes best yet". The Australian National University. 17 July 2003. Archived from the original on July 24, 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  53. ^ "Astronomers count the stars". BBC News. July 22, 2003. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-18. "trillions-of-earths-could-be-orbiting-300-sextillion-stars" van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Charlie Conroy (2010). "A substantial population of low-mass stars in luminous elliptical galaxies". Nature. 468 (7326): 940–942.
    S2CID 205222998
    .     "How many stars?" Archived 2013-01-22 at the
    mass of the observable universe
  54. ^ (sequence A007377 in the OEIS)
  55. ^ "Questions and Answers – How many atoms are in the human body?". Archived from the original on 2003-10-06.
  56. PMID 9618454
    .
  57. ^ (sequence A070177 in the OEIS)
  58. ^ (sequence A035064 in the OEIS)
  59. ^ John Tromp (2010). "John's Chess Playground". Archived from the original on 2014-06-01.
  60. ^ a b Merickel, James G. (ed.). "Sequence A217379 (Numbers having non-pandigital power of record size (excludes multiples of 10).)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  61. S2CID 119262962
    .
  62. ^ Paul Zimmermann, "50 largest factors found by ECM Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine".
  63. ^ Matthew Champion, "Re: How many atoms make up the universe?" Archived 2012-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, 1998
  64. ^ WMAP- Content of the Universe Archived 2016-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Map.gsfc.nasa.gov (2010-04-16). Retrieved on 2011-05-01.
  65. ^ "Names of large and small numbers". bmanolov.free.fr. Miscellaneous pages by Borislav Manolov. Archived from the original on 2016-09-30.
  66. ^ Hanke, Steve; Krus, Nicholas. "Hyperinflation Table" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  67. ^ "Richard Eldridge".
  68. Prime Pages
    .
  69. Prime Pages
    .
  70. Prime Pages
    .
  71. Prime Pages
    .
  72. ^ From the third paragraph of the story: "Each book contains 410 pages; each page, 40 lines; each line, about 80 black letters." That makes 410 x 40 x 80 = 1,312,000 characters. The fifth paragraph tells us that "there are 25 orthographic symbols" including spaces and punctuation. The magnitude of the resulting number is found by taking logarithms. However, this calculation only gives a lower bound on the number of books as it does not take into account variations in the titles – the narrator does not specify a limit on the number of characters on the spine. For further discussion of this, see Bloch, William Goldbloom. The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008.
  73. Prime Pages
    .
  74. ^ Gary Barnes, Riesel conjectures and proofs Archived 2021-04-12 at the Wayback Machine
  75. Prime Pages
    .
  76. Prime Pages
    .
  77. ^ PRP records
  78. Prime Pages
    .
  79. ^
    Prime Pages
    .
  80. Prime Pages
    .
  81. ^ asantos (15 December 2007). "Googol and Googolplex by Carl Sagan". Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
  82. PhysOrg
    , 16 October 2009.
  83. S2CID 17403084
    .
  84. ^ H. Friedman, Enormous integers in real life (accessed 2021-02-06)
  85. ^ "CH. Rayo's Number". The Math Factor Podcast. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  86. ^ Kerr, Josh (7 December 2013). "Name the biggest number contest". Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)&oldid=1218481029"