Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
as a unit of temperature

List of orders of magnitude for temperature

Factor Multiple Item
0 0 K Absolute zero: free bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system
10−30
 1 qK Particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe, i.e. the particles total path traveled (but not the distance from its place of origin) since the beginning of the universe is less than the size of the universe[further explanation needed]
(see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy))
10−18
 1 aK Macroscopic teleportation of matter can occur
Hawking temperature of supermassive black holes
10−15
 1 fK Atomic waves
coherent over centimeters
atomic particles decoherent
over centimeters
10−12
 1 pK 38 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, achieved through matter-wave lensing of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates.
MIT[2]
10−9
 1 nK 50 nK, Fermi temperature of potassium-40
critical temperature of alkali Bose–Einstein condensates
10−6
 1 μK
Nuclear demagnetization
Doppler-cooled refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps
10−3
 1 mK Radio excitations
1.7 mK, temperature record for
evaporative cooling of helium-3
700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation
950 mK, melting point of helium at 2.5 megapascals of pressure- All 118 elements are solid at or below this temperature.
microwave
excitations
1
 1 K 1 K at the
critical temperature of helium
7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead
9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium
101 10 K
YBCO
)
102 100 K
triple point of water
~293 K, room temperature
373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water at sea level
647 K, critical point of superheated water
737.5 K, mean on Venus

See detailed list below

103
 1 kK
paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism)
1170 K at wood fire
1300 K in lava flows, open flames
1500 K in basalt lava flows
~1670 K at blue candle flame
1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel)
1830 K in Bunsen burner flame
1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive
2022 K, boiling point of lead

2074 K, surface temperature of the coolest star,

Inner Core Boundary
5780 K on surface of the Sun
5933 K, boiling point of tungsten
6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang
7445 K, 850 GPa;[5] 8750 K, 520 GPa;[6] 5400 K, 220 GPa,[7]
critical point of diamond/solid III
7735 K, a
electron volt of kinetic energy
8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma
8801 K, 10.56 GPa[8] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,[9] critical point of carbon
Anionic sparks

Ultraviolet excitations

104 10 kK 10 kK on
valence electrons
X-ray
excitations
106
 1 MK 0.8 MK in
oxygen fusion
range
109
 1 GK 1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the
pions
1012
 1 TK 0.1–1 TK at new neutron star
0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark–gluon plasma
3–5 TK in proton–antiproton reactions
3.6 TK, temperature at which matter doubles in mass (compared to its mass at 0 K) due to relativistic effects
5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions)[12]
10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang
45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst
300–900 TK at proton–nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector[clarification needed]
1015
 1 PK 0.3–2.2 PK at proton–antiproton collisions

2.8 PK within an electroweak star

1018
 1 EK
1021
 1 ZK
1024
 1 YK 0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
1027
 1 RK everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030
 1 QK Hagedorn temperature of strings
1032
 100 QK 142 QK,
Planck temperature
1033
 1000 QK Theory of everything excitations[citation needed]
10290
 10260 QK Landau pole of Quantum electrodynamics

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

Kelvin Degrees
Celsius		 Degrees
Fahrenheit		 Condition
100 K −173.15 °C −279.67 °F
133 K −140 °C −220  °F Mean on Saturn[13]
133 K to 163 K −140 to −110 °C −220 to −160 °F Typical temperature of a whole-body cryotherapy chamber[14]
163 K −110 °C −166  °F Mean on Jupiter[13]
165 K −108 °C −163 °F Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)[15]
175.4 K −97.8 °C −144 °F Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica[16]
183.7 K −89.5 °C −129.1 °F Freezing/melting point of isopropyl alcohol[17]
183.9 K −89.2 °C −128.6 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at Vostok Station, Antarctica on 1983-07-21 01:45 UTC
192 K −81 °C −114 °F
Debye temperature
of ice
193 to 203 K −80 to −70 °C −112 to −94 °F Typical temperature of a ULT freezer
194.6 K −78.5 °C −109.3 °F Sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
203.55 K −69.6 °C −93.3 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22[18]
205.5 K −67.7 °C −89.9 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the
Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 1933-02-06[19]
210 K −63 °C −80 °F Mean on Mars
214.9 K –58.3 °C –72.9 °F Coldest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dome Argus, Antarctica[20]
223.15 K −50 °C −58 °F Mean on Earth during Snowball Earth[21] around 650 million years ago
224.8 K −48.4 °C −55.0 °F Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see supercooling)
225 K −48 °C −55 °F Freezing/melting point of cottonseed oil[22]
233.15 K −40 °C −40 °F Intersecting point of the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature[23]
234.3 K −38.83 °C −37.89 °F Freezing/melting point of mercury
240.4 K −32.8 °C −27.0 °F Coldest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01[24]
246 K −27 °C −17 °F Approximate average yearly temperature on Mount Everest[25]
249 K –24 °C –11 °F Freezing/melting point of flax seed oil[22]
249.3 K –23.9 °C –11.0 °F Coldest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 1935-02-11[24]
250 K –23 °C –9 °F Coldest air temperature recorded in Australia, at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia on 1994-06-29[24]
255.37 K –177⁄9 °C 0 °F Coldest brine-ice solution found by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
255 K –18 °C 0 °F Freezing/melting point of
freezer[26]
256 K –17 °C 1 °F Freezing/melting point of sunflower oil[22]
256 K –17 °C 2 °F Freezing/melting point of
safflower oil[22]
257 K –16 °C 3 °F Freezing/melting point of soybean oil[22]
262 K −11 °C 12 °F Freezing/melting point of corn oil[22]
263.15 K –10 °C 14 °F Freezing/melting point of
canola oil[22]
Freezing/melting point of grape seed oil[22]
265 K –8 °C 18 °F White frost can form below this temperature (see
hemp seed oil[22]
265.8 K –7.2 °C 19 °F Freezing/melting point of bromine
267 K –6 °C 21 °F Freezing/melting point of olive oil[22]
Freezing/melting point of sesame oil[22]
271.15 K −2 °C 28.4 °F Average freezing/melting point of oceans, the salinity is around 3.47%.[27][28]
273.14 K -0.01 °C 31.98 °F Maximum temperature of an object causing frostbite
273.15 K 0.00 °C 32.00 °F Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at 1 atm pressure)
273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.02 °F Triple point of fresh water
276 K 3 °C 37 °F Freezing/melting point of peanut oil[29]
277 K 3.85 °C 39 °F Typical temperature of a household refrigerator
277.13 K 3.98 °C 39.16 °F Water is at maximum density[30]
279.8 K 6.67 °C 44 °F Threshold of skin numbness if skin reaches this temperature
283.2 K 10 °C 50 °F Minimum temperature for most plant growth (see Growing degree-day)
286.9 K 12.7 °C 54.9 °F Coldest body temperature of a human that survived accidental hypothermia (a 2-year-old boy in Racławice, Poland, on November 30, 2014)[31][32]
287.6 K 14.44 °C 58 °F Cold threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
288 K 15 °C 59 °F Mean on Earth
291.6 K 18.4 °C 65.1 °F Hottest temperature in Antarctica, recorded on 2020 February 6 at the Esperanza Base[33]
294 K 21 °C 70 °F Commonly defined value for room temperature
296 K 23 °C 73 °F Mean on Earth during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum[34] about 55.8 million years ago
297 K 24 °C 75 °F Melting/freezing point of palm kernel oil[22]
298 K 25 °C 77 °F Melting/freezing point of coconut oil[22]
300 K 27 °C 81 °F Thermoneutral temperature of an unclothed human at rest[35][36]
Estimated melting/freezing point of francium
302.9 K 29.8 °C 85.6 °F Melting/freezing point of gallium
303.15 K 30 °C 86 °F The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K 31 °C 88 °F Melting/freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K 34 °C 93 °F
white phosphorus
307.6 K 34.4 °C 93.9 °F Hottest annual mean temperature on Earth, at
Dallol, Ethiopia[20]
308 K 35 °C 95 °F Hypothermic body temperature for humans (see Hypothermia)
Warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea
Melting/freezing point of palm oil[22]
309.5 K 36.4 °C 97.5 °F Average body temperature for a human[37]
311.03 K 37.87 °C 100.2 °F Beginnings of a fever for humans
311.8 K 38.6 °C 101.5 °F Average body temperature for a cat[38]
313.15 K 40 °C 104 °F Maximum standard temperature recommended for hot tub users[39]
315 K 42 °C 108 °F Usually fatal human fever
317.6 K 44.44 °C 112 °F Hot threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
319.3 K 46.1 °C 115 °F World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Needles, California, USA on August 13, 2012[40]
319.7 K 46.5 °C 115.7 °F Highest human fever survived (Willie Jones)[41]
322.1 K 48.9 °C 120.0 °F Hottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11[24]
Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes[42]
Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes[42]
323.14 K 49.99 °C 121.99 °F Half-way point between freezing and boiling
323.9 K 50.7 °C 123.3 °F Hottest air temperature recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, at Oodnadatta, Australia on 1960-02-01[24]
329.87 K 56.7 °C 134.1 °F Hottest measured air temperature on Earth, in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, Inyo County, California, United States of America on 10 July 1913.[43]
333.15 K 60 °C 140 °F Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds[42]
Average temperature of a hair dryer
336 K 63 °C 145.4 °F Milk pasteurization
342 K 69 °C 157 °F Boiling point of water on the summit of Mount Everest[44]
343.15 K 70 °C 158 °F Food is
Hot springs at which some bacteria thrive[45]
350 K 77 °C 170 °F Poaching of food
351.52 K 78.37 °C 173.07 °F Boiling point of ethanol
353.15 K 80 °C 176 °F Average temperature of a sauna
355 K 82 °C 180 °F Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial-grade commercial dishwashers[46]
355.6 K 82.4 °C 180.3 °F Boiling point of isopropyl alcohol[17]
366 K 93 °C 200 °F Simmering of food
367 K 94 °C 201 °F Hottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 1972-07-15[47]
371 K 98 °C 209 °F Freezing/melting point of sodium
373.13 K 99.98 °C 211.97 °F Boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure (see Celsius)
380 K 107 °C 225 °F
safflower oil
Syrup is concentrated
to 75% sugar
388 K 115 °C 239 °F Melting/freezing point of sulfur
400 K 127 °C 260 °F Concorde nose tip during supersonic flight
Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)[48]
433.15 K 160 °C 320 °F Syrup is concentrated to 100% sugar
Sucrose (table sugar) caramelizes
450 K 177 °C 350 °F Mean on Mercury
Smoke point of butter
Deep frying
453.15 K 180 °C 356 °F Popcorn pops
483 K 210 °C 410 °F
Autoignition (kindling) point of diesel fuel
491 K 218 °C 425 °F Kindling point of paper
519 K 246 °C 475 °F Kindling point of automotive gasoline
522 K 249 °C 480 °F Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet A/Jet A-1)[49]
525 K 252 °C 485 °F Smoke point of milkfat
Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet B)[49]
538 K 265 °C 510 °F Smoke point of refined safflower oil
574.5875 K 301.4375 °C 574.5875 °F Intersecting point of the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales
600.65 K 327.5 °C 621.5 °F Melting/freezing point of lead
647 K 374 °C 705 °F Critical point of superheated water
693 K 419 °C 787 °F Melting/freezing point of zinc
723.15 K 450 °C 842 °F Kindling point of aviation gasoline[49]
738 K 465 °C 870 °F Mean on Venus
749 K 476 °C 889 °F Kindling point of magnesium
773.15 K 500 °C 932 °F Oven on self-cleaning mode
798 K 525 °C 977 °F Draper Point (the point at which nearly all objects start to glow dim red)[50]
858 K 585 °C 1085 °F Kindling point of hydrogen[51]
933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F Melting/freezing point of aluminium
1000 K 726.85 °C 1340.33 °F

Detailed list from 0 K to 142 QK -273.15 Celsius Absolute Zero, nothing can get colder than this -272.15 Celsius Boomerang Nebula -270 Celsius Outer Space -269 boiling point of helium -259 freezing point of hydrogen -253 condensation point of hydrogen -241 average temperature on Haumea -235 average temperature on Triton

SI multiples

SI multiples of kelvin (K)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 K dK decikelvin 101 K daK decakelvin
10−2 K cK centikelvin 102 K hK hectokelvin
10−3 K mK millikelvin 103 K kK kilokelvin
10−6 K μK microkelvin 106 K MK megakelvin
10−9 K nK nanokelvin 109 K GK gigakelvin
10−12 K pK picokelvin 1012 K TK terakelvin
10−15 K fK femtokelvin 1015 K PK petakelvin
10−18 K aK attokelvin 1018 K EK exakelvin
10−21 K zK zeptokelvin 1021 K ZK zettakelvin
10−24 K yK yoctokelvin 1024 K YK yottakelvin
10−27 K rK rontokelvin 1027 K RK ronnakelvin
10−30 K qK quectokelvin 1030 K QK quettakelvin

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External links

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