Orenburg
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Orenburg
Оренбург | |
---|---|
City[1] | |
Postal code(s)[10] | 460000 |
Dialing code(s) | +7 3532 |
OKTMO ID | 53701000001 |
Website | orenburg |
Orenburg (
Orenburg is close to the
Etymology
Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the city's name. It was traditionally accepted that the word "orenburg" means a fortress on the
On 7 June 1734, "A Privilege for Orenburg" (tsar's edict) was ordered by Empress Anna Ioannovna.
While the construction site of the main fortress changed many times (down the River Ural), the name "Orenburg" has not changed since its founding in 1743. Between 1938 and 1957, the city was referred to as Chkalov,[12][13] named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov, although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg, and never visited Orenburg. In 1954, Chkalov's five-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary; this was installed on a seven-meter pedestal on the Boulevard (the riverside promenade of the city, commonly named "Belovka").
History
In 1734, the Russian Empire began to expand its dominance and influence in Asia by building a fortified city called Orenburg on its eastern border (Southern Urals). For this purpose, in 1735, Ivan Kirilov, a cartographer and statistician, began to develop the settlement at the confluence of the rivers Or and Ural, and the first settlement was chosen during his expedition. He claimed that the town was needed "to open a transit route to Bukhara, Badakhshan, Balkh and India" and that "riches in the form of gold, lapis lazuli and garnets could be obtained from it". After his death, a new manager of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily Tatishchev, was appointed who did not consider the place suitable for building a city. Therefore, in 1739 he began preparations for the construction of a new town with the old name on Krasnaya Gora (Red Mountain), downstream of the Ural (Yaik)River. The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk).[14]
On August 6, 1741, the new town was laid out. However, its construction never started. The place on Krasnaya Gora was not suitable for the construction of the city, as it was treeless, rocky and far from the river. A new manager of the Orenburg expedition
Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774), the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 to March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general Reinsdorf.[15] General
Orenburg was the base for General
Orenburg functioned as the capital of the
Administrative and municipal status
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 72,000 | — |
1926 | 122,190 | +69.7% |
1939 | 171,726 | +40.5% |
1959 | 267,317 | +55.7% |
1970 | 344,266 | +28.8% |
1979 | 458,747 | +33.3% |
1989 | 546,501 | +19.1% |
2002 | 549,361 | +0.5% |
2010 | 548,331 | −0.2% |
2021 | 543,654 | −0.9% |
Source: Census data |
Orenburg is the
Geography
The city is in the basin of the middle branch of the
Economy
Orenburg is home to several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom,[18] the subsidiary of Gazprom; Orenburgneft,[19] the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.
Transportation
Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and
Climate
Orenburg has a relatively dry humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters. April and October are transition months, with the rest of the months being either summer or winter.
Climate data for Orenburg (1991–2020, extremes 1832–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.9 (105.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.1 (17.4) |
−7 (19) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
13.6 (56.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.4 (4.3) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −43.2 (−45.8) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−26 (−15) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−1 (30) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−35.7 (−32.3) |
−39.2 (−38.6) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29 (1.1) |
24 (0.9) |
26 (1.0) |
27 (1.1) |
31 (1.2) |
34 (1.3) |
42 (1.7) |
22 (0.9) |
26 (1.0) |
33 (1.3) |
29 (1.1) |
31 (1.2) |
354 (13.9) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 17 (6.7) |
23 (9.1) |
19 (7.5) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
9 (3.5) |
23 (9.1) |
Average rainy days | 4 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 6 | 125 |
Average snowy days | 23 | 20 | 13 | 4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 4 | 15 | 21 | 101 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 79 | 79 | 62 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 59 | 68 | 80 | 81 | 67 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 75.7 | 111.7 | 171.1 | 234.8 | 312.4 | 338.0 | 350.2 | 301.7 | 225.5 | 139.8 | 73.3 | 62.5 | 2,396.7 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[22] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[23]
|
-
Map of Orenburg in 1828
-
Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral was destroyed in the 1930s
-
VMZ Avantgarde low-floor trolleybus
Education and culture
Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.
Education
- Orenburg State University. The university was founded in 1955 as a branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute. In 1971 it converted into Orenburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1994 it became Orenburg State Technical University. In 1996, converted into Orenburg State University. In 2014 Orenburg State Institute of Management integrated with Orenburg State University.
- Orenburg State Medical Academy. Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). It gained the status of academy in 1994. Currently there are eight faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), and Continuing Education.
- Orenburg State Agrarian University. Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 faculties and four institutes.
- Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 faculties and four research institutes.
- Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University
- Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
- Physics and Mathematics Lyceum
Museums
- Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science
- Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts
- Museum of Orenburg History
- Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin
- Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich
- Memorial Apartment of T.G. Shevchenko
- Orenburg City Memorial House
Theatres
- Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater [24]
- Orenburg State Regional Music Theater [25]
- Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater
- Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater
- Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater "Pierrot"
- Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir
- Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir
Mosques
Tourism
Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists. The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia. The
, and there is a bridge which connects the two sides.The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.
Architecture
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the
Sports
- FC Orenburg, the local football team founded in 1970, reached the Russian Premier League for the first time during the 2016-17 season.
- Russian Bandy League. Now they play in the second highest division, Russian Bandy Supreme League. Their home arena has a capacity of 5000.[28]
- Nadezhda Orenburg is a women's basketball club competing in the Russian Women's Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall.
- Fakel Gazproma[29] is a table tennis club with, among other players, the three time European champion Uładzimir Samsonaŭ.
National events
In October 2015, the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised.[30]
Honors
The
Notable people
- Lev Alburt (born 1945) chess grandmaster
- Ivan Krylov (1769–1844), writer
- Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky(1794–1857), statesman
- Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), lexicographer
- Yevgraf Fyodorov(1853–1919), mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist
- Paul Nazaroff (1890–1942), geologist and writer
- Joseph Kessel (1898–1979), journalist and novelist
- Georgy Malenkov (1902–1988), General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (de facto,1952-1953) and fifth Premier of the Soviet Union
- Musa Cälil (1906–1944), poet
- Alexander Schmorell (1917–1943), a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose
- Aleksander Burba (1918–1984), industry leader and educator
- Mstislav Rostropovich (1927–2007), cellist
- Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), cosmonaut
- Denis Istomin (born 1986), tennis player
- Special Operations Forcesof the Russian Armed Forces. He was killed during the Palmyra offensive of the Syrian Civil War. Prokhorenko was identifying targets for Russian airstrikes when he was surrounded by ISIS fighters near Palmyra and ordered an airstrike on his own location
Twin towns – sister cities
- Aktobe, Kazakhstan
- Khujand, Tajikistan
- Oral, Kazakhstan
- Orlando, United States (temporarily suspended)
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Law #1370/276-IV-OZ
- ^ Из истории Казахстана XVIII в
- ^ "Администрация города Оренбурга". Официальный портал города Оренбурга. Retrieved June 29, 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Генеральный план Оренбурга. Материалы по обоснованию проекта. Раздел 4.1. Территория города. Стр. 29
- Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 234», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 53 234, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ a b Law #2367/495-IV-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ISBN 5-17-002938-1; 5-271-00446-5; 5-93259-014-9; 5-17-001389-2.
- ^ Оренбург — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии.
- ^ Город был переименован Указом ПрезидиумаПрезидиума Верховного Совета СССР от 26 декабря 1938 г.
- ^ С.М.Стрельников. Географические названия Оренбургской области. — Изд. 2-е, доп. и испр. — Кувандык, 2002. — 176 с.
- ISBN 9780719076800
- ISBN 9780313335396
- ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 401», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 53 401, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ "Gazprom". Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
- ^ "Orenburgneft". Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
- ^ Correspondence, Foreign (November 7, 1904). "RUSSIA'S NEW GREAT RAILROAD IN ASIA; Orenburg-Tashkent Line Was Completed a Few Days Ago. GREAT VALUE STRATEGICALLY Prince Hilkoff Pushed the Construction of the Road with Much Energy -- The Cities Traversed" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ КЛИМАТ ОРЕНБУРГА (in Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Orenburg Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ^ Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater
- ^ "Оренбургский театр музыкальной комедии". Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ "Оренбург".
- ^ "Google Translate".
- ^ "Google Translate".
- ^ fakelgazproma.ru/
- ^ "Google Translate".
- ^ "Братские узы: четыре города-побратима Оренбурга". govorimdelo.ru (in Russian). Govorim Delo. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №1370/276-IV-ОЗ от 11 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области», в ред. Закона №2826/783-V-ОЗ от 15 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области"». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южный Урал", №№134–135 (спецвыпуск №40 с документами Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области), 21 июля 2007 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #1370/276-IV-OZ of July 11, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast, as amended by the Law #2826/783-V-OZ of December 15, 2014 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast". Effective as of after the official publication date.).
- Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №2367/495-IV-ОЗ от 15 сентября 2008 г. «Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав», в ред. Закона №3322/917-V-ОЗ от 24 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области", 22 заседание, I часть, 29 августа 2008 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #2367/495-IV-OZ of September 15, 2008 On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise, as amended by the Law #3322/917-V-OZ of August 24, 2015 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise". Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication.).
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 252. .
- Official website of Orenburg (in Russian)
- Orenburg State Institute of Management
- Photos of Orenburg (in Russian)