Organic electronics

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Organic CMOS logic circuit. Total thickness is less than 3 μm. Scale bar: 25 mm

Organic electronics is a field of materials science concerning the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of organic molecules or polymers that show desirable electronic properties such as conductivity. Unlike conventional inorganic conductors and semiconductors, organic electronic materials are constructed from organic (carbon-based) molecules or polymers using synthetic strategies developed in the context of organic chemistry and polymer chemistry.

One of the promised benefits of organic electronics is their potential low cost compared to traditional electronics.

flexibility. Challenges to the implementation of organic electronic materials are their inferior thermal stability
, high cost, and diverse fabrication issues.

History

Electrically conductive polymers

Traditional conductive materials are

aluminum as well as many alloys.[citation needed
]

In 1862

Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa jointly for their work on polyacetylene and related conductive polymers.[5] Many families of electrically conducting polymers have been identified including polythiophene, polyphenylene sulfide
, and others.

J.E. Lilienfeld[6] first proposed the field-effect transistor in 1930, but the first OFET was not reported until 1987, when Koezuka et al. constructed one using Polythiophene[7] which shows extremely high conductivity. Other conductive polymers have been shown to act as semiconductors, and newly synthesized and characterized compounds are reported weekly in prominent research journals. Many review articles exist documenting the development of these materials.[8][9][10][11][12]

In 1987, the first organic

Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke.[13]

Electrically conductive charge transfer salts

In the 1950s, organic molecules were shown to exhibit electrical conductivity. Specifically, the organic compound

TTF-TCNQ
.

Light and electrical conductivity

André Bernanose[15][16] was the first person to observe electroluminescence in organic materials. Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke,[17] reported fabrication of the first practical OLED device in 1987. The OLED device incorporated a double-layer structure motif composed of copper phthalocyanine and a derivative of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.[18]

In 1990, a

organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) research and device production grew rapidly.[21]

Conductive organic materials

TTF-TCNQ charge transfer salt, highlighting the segregated stacking. Such molecular semiconductors exhibit anisotropic electrical conductivity.[22]

Organic conductive materials can be grouped into two main classes: polymers and conductive molecular solids and salts. Polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pentacene and rubrene often form semiconducting materials when partially oxidized.

electroluminescent semiconducting polymers. Poly(3-alkythiophenes) have been incorporated into prototypes of solar cells and transistors
.

Organic light-emitting diode

Main articles: OLED and AMOLED

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) consists of a thin film of organic material that emits light under stimulation by an electric current. A typical OLED consists of an anode, a cathode, OLED organic material and a conductive layer.[23]

Br6A, a next generation pure organic light emitting crystal family
Schematic of a bilayer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive layer, 5. Anode (+)

OLED organic

Fluorescent dyes can be selected according to the desired range of emission wavelengths; compounds like perylene and rubrene are often used. Devices based on small molecules are usually fabricated by thermal evaporation under vacuum. While this method enables the formation of well-controlled homogeneous film; is hampered by high cost and limited scalability.[24]
[25] Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are generally more efficient than SM-OLEDs. Common polymers used in PLEDs include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene)[26] and polyfluorene. The emitted color by the structure of the polymer. Compared to thermal evaporation, solution-based methods are more suited to creating films with large dimensions.

Organic field-effect transistor

Main article: Organic field-effect transistor
Rubrene-OFET with the highest charge mobility

An organic field-effect transistor (OFET) is a field-effect transistor utilizing organic molecules or polymers as the active semiconducting layer. A field-effect transistor (

FET
are n-type and p-type semiconductor, classified according to the charge type carried. In the case of organic FETs (OFETs), p-type OFET compounds are generally more stable than n-type due to the susceptibility of the latter to oxidative damage.

As for OLEDs, some OFETs are molecular and some are polymer-based system.

dip coating
methods, but this obstacle can be overcome by using the derivative TIPS-pentacene.

Organic electronic devices

Main articles: Organic solar cell and Photovoltaics
Organics-based flexible display
Five structures of organic photovoltaic materials

Organic solar cells could cut the cost of solar power compared with conventional solar-cell manufacturing.[27] Silicon thin-film solar cells on flexible substrates allow a significant cost reduction of large-area photovoltaics for several reasons:[28]

  1. The so-called '
    glass sheets
    .
  2. Transport and installation of lightweight flexible solar cells also saves cost as compared to cells on glass.

Inexpensive polymeric substrates like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polycarbonate (PC) have the potential for further cost reduction in photovoltaics. Protomorphous solar cells prove to be a promising concept for efficient and low-cost photovoltaics on cheap and flexible substrates for large-area production as well as small and mobile applications.[28]

One advantage of printed electronics is that different electrical and electronic components can be printed on top of each other, saving space and increasing reliability and sometimes they are all transparent. One ink must not damage another, and low temperature annealing is vital if low-cost flexible materials such as paper and plastic film are to be used. There is much sophisticated engineering and chemistry involved here, with iTi, Pixdro, Asahi Kasei, Merck & Co.|Merck, BASF, HC Starck, Hitachi Chemical and Frontier Carbon Corporation among the leaders.[29]

biodegradable electronics based on organic compound and low-cost organic solar cell
are also available.

Fabrication methods

Small molecule semiconductors are often

spin-coating, doctor-blading, inkjet printing and screen printing. Spin-coating is a widely used technique for small area thin film production. It may result in a high degree of material loss. The doctor-blade technique results in a minimal material loss and was primarily developed for large area thin film production. Vacuum based thermal deposition of small molecules requires evaporation
of molecules from a hot source. The molecules are then transported through vacuum onto a substrate. The process of condensing these molecules on the substrate surface results in thin film formation. Wet coating techniques can in some cases be applied to small molecules depending on their solubility.

Organic solar cells

Bilayer organic photovoltaic cell

Organic semiconductor diodes convert light into electricity. Figure to the right shows five commonly used organic photovoltaic materials. Electrons in these organic molecules can be delocalized in a delocalized π

LUMO) is called the band gap of organic photovoltaic materials. Typically, the band gap lies in the range of 1-4eV.[32][33][34]

The difference in the

photovoltaic cells. However, all three of these types of solar cells share the approach of sandwiching the organic electronic layer between two metallic conductors, typically indium tin oxide.[35]

Illustration of thin film transistor device

Organic field-effect transistors

An organic field-effect transistor is a three terminal device (source, drain and gate). The charge carriers move between source and drain, and the gate serves to control the path's conductivity. There are mainly two types of organic field-effect transistor, based on the semiconducting layer's charge transport, namely p-type (such as dinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, DNTT),[36] and n-type (such phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM).[37] Certain organic semiconductors can also present both p-type and n-type (i.e., ambipolar) characteristics.[38]

Such technology allows for the fabrication of large-area, flexible, low-cost electronics.[39] One of the main advantages is that being mainly a low temperature process compared to CMOS, different type of materials can be utilized. This makes them in turn great candidates for sensing.[40]

Features

Main article: Printed electronics

Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive than inorganic conductors. This makes them a desirable alternative in many applications. It also creates the possibility of new applications that would be impossible using copper or silicon.

Organic electronics not only includes

light emitters
.

New applications include

molecular computers
.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9783527312641
    .
  2. ISBN 9783527640218
    electronic bk.
  3. ISBN 978-3-527-32611-2
  4. doi:10.1071/CH9631056
    .
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media.
  6. ^ CA 272437, Lilienfeld, Julius Edgar, "Electric current control mechanism", published 1927-07-19 
  7. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(87)90964-7
    .
  8. PMID 27877287
    .
  9. PMID 27877286
    .
  10. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<99::AID-ADMA99>3.0.CO;2-9
    .
  11. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00398-0
    .
  12. PMID 20396828
    .
  13. doi:10.1557/mrs.2012.125
    .
  14. ISSN 0002-7863
    .
  15. doi:10.1051/jcp/1953500064
    .
  16. doi:10.1051/jcp/1953500261
    .
  17. ^
    doi:10.1063/1.98799
    .
  18. doi:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0322
    .
  19. S2CID 43158308
    .
  20. S2CID 4393960
    .
  21. ISBN 978-0-309-30591-4
    .
  22. doi:10.1107/S0567740878003830
    .
  23. ISBN 978-1466515185
    .
  24. doi:10.1063/1.1317547
    .
  25. doi:10.1063/1.3460285
    .
  26. S2CID 43158308
    .
  27. ^ Bullis, Kevin (17 October 2008). "Mass Production of Plastic Solar Cells". Technology Review.
  28. ^ a b Koch, Christian (2002) Niedertemperaturabscheidung von Dünnschicht-Silicium für Solarzellen auf Kunststofffolien, Doctoral Thesis, ipe.uni-stuttgart.de
  29. ^ Raghu Das, IDTechEx (25 September 2008). "Printed electronics, is it a niche? – 25 September 2008". Electronics Weekly. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  30. ^ プラスチックフィルム上の有機TFT駆動有機ELディスプレイで世界初のフルカラー表示を実現. sony.co.jp (in Japanese)
  31. ^ Flexible, full-color OLED display. pinktentacle.com (24 June 2007).
  32. doi:10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00006-2
    .
  33. ISBN 978-1860941610
    .
  34. doi:10.1557/JMR.2004.0252
    .
  35. S2CID 43074502
    .
  36. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2021.106219
    .
  37. S2CID 205235378
    .
  38. S2CID 6042903
    .
  39. S2CID 26645918
    .
  40. ISSN 0925-4005
    .

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_electronics&oldid=1217573260"