Organon

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Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos, c. 330 BC, with modern alabaster mantle

The Organon (

Ancient Greek: Ὄργανον, meaning "instrument, tool, organ") is the standard collection of Aristotle's six works on logical analysis and dialectic. The name Organon was given by Aristotle's followers, the Peripatetics, who maintained against the Stoics that Logic was "an instrument" of Philosophy.[1]

Aristotle never uses the title Organon to refer to his logical works. The book, according to M. Barthélemy St. Hilaire, was not called "Organon" before the 15th century, and the treatises were collected into one volume, as is supposed, about the time of Andronicus of Rhodes; and it was translated into Latin by Boethius about the 6th century.[1]

The six works of Organon are as follows:

Bekker
number
Work Latin name
Logic
Organon
1a Categories Categoriae
16a On Interpretation De Interpretatione
24a Prior Analytics Analytica Priora
71a Posterior Analytics Analytica Posteriora
100a Topics Topica
164a
On Sophistical Refutations
De Sophisticis Elenchis


Constitution of the texts

The order of the works is not chronological (which is now hard to determine) but was deliberately chosen by Theophrastus to constitute a well-structured system. Indeed, parts of them seem to be a scheme of a lecture on logic. The arrangement of the works was made by Andronicus of Rhodes around 40 BC.[2]

Aristotle's Metaphysics has some points of overlap with the works making up the Organon but is not traditionally considered part of it; additionally, there are works on logic attributed, with varying degrees of plausibility, to Aristotle that were not known to the Peripatetics.[3]

  1. The Categories (Latin: Categoriae) introduces Aristotle's 10-fold classification of that which exists: substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, situation, condition, action, and passion.
  2. judgement, and the various relations between affirmative, negative, universal, and particular propositions. Aristotle discusses the square of opposition or square of Apuleius in Chapter 7 and its appendix, Chapter 8. Chapter 9 deals with the problem of future contingents
    .
  3. The Prior Analytics (Latin: Analytica Priora) introduces his syllogistic method (see term logic), argues for its correctness, and discusses inductive inference.
  4. The
    scientific knowledge
    .
  5. The
    Predicables, later discussed by Porphyry
    and the scholastic logicians.
  6. The
    On Sophistical Refutations (Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) gives a treatment of logical fallacies, and provides a key link to Aristotle's tractate on rhetoric
    .

Whereas the Organon of the Latin Scholastic tradition comprises only the above six works, its independent reception in the Arabic medieval world saw appended to this list of works Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics.[4]

Influence

The Organon was used in the school founded by Aristotle at the Lyceum, and some parts of the works seem to be a scheme of a lecture on logic. So much so that after Aristotle's death, his publishers (Andronicus of Rhodes in 50 BC, for example) collected these works.

Following the collapse of the

Eastern Roman Empire (aka Byzantium). In the mid-twelfth century, James of Venice
translated into Latin the Posterior Analytics from Greek manuscripts found in Constantinople.

The books of Aristotle were available in the early Muslim world, and after 750 AD Muslims had most of them[

Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes (1126–1198); both were originally from Córdoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt
.

All the major scholastic philosophers wrote commentaries on the Organon.

Grosseteste
wrote an influential commentary on the Posterior Analytics.

In the

logical systems of the day to be complete, which in turn no doubt stifled innovation in this area. However, Francis Bacon published his Novum Organum ("The New Organon") as a scathing attack in 1620.[5] Immanuel Kant thought that there was nothing else to invent after the work of Aristotle,[6] and the famous logic historian Karl von Prantl claimed that any logician who said anything new about logic was "confused, stupid or perverse." These examples illustrate the force of influence which Aristotle's works on logic had. Indeed, he had already become known by the Scholastics (medieval Christian scholars) as "The Philosopher", due to the influence he had upon medieval theology and philosophy. His influence continued into the Early Modern period and Organon was the basis of school philosophy even in the beginning of the 18th century.[7]
Since the logical innovations of the 19th century, particularly the formulation of modern
predicate logic, Aristotelian logic had for a time fallen out of favor among many analytic philosophers
.

However, the logic historian John Corcoran and others have shown that the works of George Boole and Gottlob Frege—which laid the groundwork for modern mathematical logic—each represent a continuation and extension to Aristotle's logic and in no way contradict or displace it.[8][9] Boole fully accepted and endorsed Aristotle's logic, and Frege included Aristotle's square of opposition at the end of his groundbreaking Begriffsschrift to show the harmony of his theory with the Aristotelian tradition.[10]

See also

  • Ignoratio elenchi

Notes

  1. ^ a b Owen, Octavius Freire (1853). "Introduction". The Organon, Or Logical Treatises, of Aristotle. With the Introduction of Porphyry. Vol. 1. Aristotle. H.G. Bohn.
  2. ^ Hammond, p. 64, "Andronicus Rhodus"
  3. ^ Edward N. Zalta, ed. (18 March 2000). "Aristotle's Logic, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>". Retrieved 2020-12-19.
  4. ^ See Black, Deborah L., Logic and Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Poetics in medieval Arabic philosophy, p. 1. Also the “Organon” entry at the SEP.
  5. ^ The Teaching Company — Birth of the Modern Mind
  6. ^ Alain Badiou, Theoretical Writings, p 172
  7. .
  8. ^ George Boole. 1854/2003. The Laws of Thought, facsimile of 1854 edition, with an introduction by J. Corcoran. Buffalo: Prometheus Books (2003). Reviewed by James van Evra in Philosophy in Review.24 (2004) 167–169.
  9. ^ John Corcoran, Aristotle's Prior Analytics and Boole's Laws of Thought, History and Philosophy of Logic, vol. 24 (2003), pp. 261–288.
  10. ^ Jean-Yves Béziau “Is modern logic non-Aristotelian?”, in Vladimir Markin, Dmitry Zaitsev (eds.), The Logical Legacy of Nikolai Vasiliev and Modern Logic, Cham, Springer, 2017, pp. 19-42.

References

Primary sources

Studies

  • Bocheński, I. M., 1951. Ancient Formal Logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  • Jan Łukasiewicz, 1951. Aristotle's Syllogistic, from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Lea, Jonathan 1980. Aristotle and Logical Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Monteil, Jean-François La transmission d’Aristote par les Arabes à la chrétienté occidentale: une trouvaille relative au De Interpretatione, Revista Española de Filosofia Medieval 11: 181-195
  • Monteil, Jean-François Isidor Pollak et les deux traductions arabes différentes du De interpretatione d’Aristote, Revue d’Études Anciennes 107: 29-46 (2005).
  • Monteil, Jean-François Une exception allemande: la traduction du De Interpretatione par le Professeur Gohlke: la note 10 sur les indéterminées d’Aristote, Revues de Études Anciennes 103: 409-427 (2001).
  • Parry and Hacker, 1991. Aristotelian Logic. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Rose, Lynn E., 1968. Aristotle's Syllogistic. Springfield, Ill.: Clarence C. Thomas.
  • Whitaker, C.W.A. 1996. Aristotle's De interpretatione. Contradiction and Dialectic, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Veatch, Henry B., 1969. Two Logics: The Conflict between Classical and Neo-Analytic Philosophy. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

External links