Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods
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Most of the food items which define modern North Indian and Subcontinental cooking have origins inside the Indian subcontinent though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.
Vegetable origins
Vegetable | Hindi name | Tamil name | Telugu name | Kannada name | Origin | Likely time of introduction | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitter Melon
|
karela | Paavarkai | Kaakara kaaya | Haagalu kaayi | Africa[1] | ||
Cabbage | Patta Gobhi | Muṭṭaikkōs | Ele koosu | Possibly European | During colonial times[2] | Derived from Wild Mustard | |
Calabash | Lauki/Pankaj | Curaikkāy | Anapukaya,sorakaya | Sore kaayi | China/Japan[3] | ||
Cauliflower | Phool Gobhi | kosu puvvu | Hoo kosu | Cyprus[4][5] | 1822 CE[6] | ||
Chili pepper | Mirch | Miḷakāy | mirapakaya | Menasina kaayi | Mesoamerica [7] | 1550 CE[7] | india |
Coriander | Dhaniya | Kottamalli | kotthimeera | Kothamari soppu | North Africa [8] or Mediterranean | 1000 AD [9] by Arabs | Mentioned in ancient Egypt |
Brinjal | Baingan | Kattirikkāy | vankaya | Badane kaayi | India/China[10] | ||
Fenugreek | Methi | Ventayam | menthi koora | Menthya | Near East [11] | 326 BC [12] | Alexander's campaign to India |
Garlic | Lahsoon | Pūṇṭu | Velluli/Elligadda | Belluli | possibly Middle East [13] | Unknown | |
Lemon | Neembú | Elumiccai | nimmakaya | Nimbe hannu | South China or Northeastern India[14] | 2000-1000 BC[14] | Lemon seeds found in the Harappan Bara culture excavations indicate time of spread[14] |
Moringa | Muruṅkai | Munakkaada | Nugge kaayi | India | |||
Okra | Bhindi | Veṇṭaikkāy | Bendakaaya | Bende kaayi | Highlands of Ethiopia and india[15] | 100-500 CE[15] | |
Onion | Pyaaz | Veṅkāyam | Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda | Eerulli | India [citation needed] | Unknown, but present by 500 BCE[16] | Mentioned in the Charaka Samhita |
Potato | Aloo | Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku | Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda | Aloo gadde | South America (Peru/Bolivia) [17] | 1600 CE | Likely introduced by Portuguese traders |
Sweet Potato
|
Shakarkand | Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku | Chilagada dumpa | Sihi genasu | South America [18] | 1600 CE) | Via Portugal |
Taro | Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan | Seppankizhangu | Chaamadumpa, chaamagadda | Unknown (India, Polynesia or SE Asia) | Unknown | ||
Tomato | Tamatar | Takkāḷi | Tamata / rama phalam | Goode hannu | Latin America (Mexico to Peru) [19] | 1600 CE | Likely introduced by Portuguese traders |
Turnip | Shalgham | Ṭarṉip | Gedde kosu | West Asia or Eastern Europe [citation needed] | 1500 BC | Very early presence in the South Asia | |
Yam | Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda | Karunai kizhangu | Kanda | Genasu | Africa/Asia [citation needed] | 7000 BCE | Different types of yams by taste, colour, size, skin, acidity |
Fruit origins
Fruit | Hindi Name | Telugu Name | Tamil Name | Origin | Likely time of introduction | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple | Seb | Āppiḷ | Central Asia (Kazakhstan) [20] | Unknown | ||
Mango | Aam | Mamidi Pandu | Māṅkaṉi | India | Unknown | Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book |
Mulberry
|
Shehtoot/Toot | Malperi | China/Japan | Unknown | Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet | |
Orange | Santara [citation needed] | Kamalapandu | Ārañcu | India | Unknown | A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe (ca. 15th century) |
Plum | Aloo Bokhara | Piḷam | Armenia | Unknown | ||
Tamarind | Hunase Hannu/ Imli | Chintakaya/Chintapandu | Puḷi | Africa | Unknown | Known for savourish taste, the fruit has mention since Harappan times |
Tangerine | Narangi | Narinja Pandu | Ṭēṅkariṉ | China | Unknown |
See also
References
- PMID 32994347.
- ISBN 978-81-8069-242-0.
- PMID 16352716.
- PMID 6337782.
- ^ "Cabbage Flowers for Food | Archives | Aggie Horticulture". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
- ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.
- ^ ISBN 9781586852504, .India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...
- ^ "Book sources", Wikipedia, retrieved 2021-09-09
- ^ "Cuisine and Diplomacy". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
- ^ "Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
- ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
- ^ "Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't". NDTV Food. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
- ISBN 978-0-19-850357-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7304-320-8, ... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...
- ^ ISBN 9781586852504, ... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...
- ISBN 9781586852504, ... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...
- ^ "Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes". news.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ISBN 978-92-9043-813-7.
- ISBN 978-1-57003-000-0.
- PMID 28811498.
Further reading
- "Domestication of plants in the Old World," Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Oxford University Press, 2000.
- "History of Food," Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, Blackwell Publishing, 1994.
- "Culture and Cuisine: A Journey Through the History of Food," Jean François Revel, Doubleday, 1982.
- "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, Joan Thirsk, Cambridge University Press, 1981.