Odisha

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Coordinates: 20°16′N 85°49′E / 20.27°N 85.82°E / 20.27; 85.82
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This article is about the state of India. For the flowering plant, see Odisha cleistantha. For other uses, see Odisha (disambiguation).
"Orissa" redirects here. For other uses, see Orissa (disambiguation).

Odisha
Jagannath Temple, Deomali, Rourkela Steel Plant, Mahanadi, Simlipal National Park, Chilika Lake, Ratnagiri, Leaning Temple of Huma, Sisupalgarh
Formation
1 April 1936; 88 years ago (1936-04-01)
Odisha Day
Odisha High Court
Area
 • Total155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi)
 • Rank
Utkala Dibasa
BirdIndian roller[12][13]
FishMahanadi mahseer[14]
FlowerAsoka[11]
MammalSambar[11]
TreeSacred Fig[11][15]
State highway mark
State highway of Odisha
OR SH1 – OR SH57
List of Indian state symbols

Odisha (English:

coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi) along the Bay of Bengal in Indian Ocean.[19] The region is also known as Utkaḷa and is mentioned by this name in India's national anthem, Jana Gana Mana.[20] The language of Odisha is Odia, which is one of the Classical languages of India.[21]

The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.[22] The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the Indian government when Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province.[22] The 1st of April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (lit. 'Odisha Day').[23] Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135,[24] after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha.[25] The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹5.86 trillion (US$73 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹127,383 (US$1,600).[5] Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index.[26]

Etymology

See also: History of Odisha § Historical names of Odisha

The terms Odisha and Orissa (

Gajapati Kingdom (1435–67) on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya.[28]

In 2011, the English rendering of ଓଡ଼ିଶା was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010 and the Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010 in the

Parliament. The Hindi rendering उड़ीसा (uṛīsā) was also modified to ओड़िशा (or̥iśā). After a brief debate, the lower house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010.[29] On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, also passed the bill and the amendment.[30] The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration.[31] However, the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per the Hunterian system
, the official national transliteration standard, in which the transliterations would be Orisha and Oria instead.

History

Main articles: History of Odisha and Historic sites in Odisha
Lingaraja Temple built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari

Prehistoric

Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans.[32] Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana and Mahagovinda Suttanta.[33][34]

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga

Vedic traditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions.[38]

Hathigumpha on the Udayagiri Hills built in c. 150 BCE
Shanti Stupa at Dhauli is the location where Kalinga War was fought in c. 260 BCE

edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed, 150,000 were captured and more were affected.[39] The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.[40][41]

By c. 150 BCE, Emperor

Jain ruler. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill.[43] Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta[44] and Shashanka.[45] It was also a part of Harsha's empire.[46]

The city of

Mauryans
. It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years.

Later, the kings of the

Konark temple (c. 1250).[47][48]

The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the

Sultanate of Bengal.[49] Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by Bayazid Khan Karrani.[50] In 1591, Man Singh I, then governor of Bihar, led an army to take Odisha from the Karranis of Bengal. They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of Puri. Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region.[51]

In 1751, the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan ceded the region to the Maratha Empire.[22]

The

Second Carnatic War by 1760, and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually.[52] In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into the Bengal Presidency.[53]

The

India's independence, on 15 August 1947, 27 princely states signed the document to join Orissa.[60] Most of the Orissa Tributary States, a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of the Eastern States Union.[61]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Odisha
Mahanadi river near Cuttack

Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km2, which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km.

Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), a Food and Agriculture Organization-recognised rice gene bank and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in Cuttack.[63] The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.[64]

Satellite view of the Mahanadi river delta

Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also has plateaus and rolling uplands, which have lower elevation than the plateaus.[62] The highest point in the state is Deomali at 1,672 metres in Koraput district. Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620 m), Golikoda (1,617 m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres).[65]

Climate

The state experiences four

rutus): Grishma (summer), Barsha (rainy season), Sharata (autumn), Hemanta (dewy),Sheeta(winter season) and Basanta (spring).[62]

Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations[66]
Bhubaneswar
(1952–2000) 		Balasore
(1901–2000) 		Gopalpur
(1901–2000) 		Sambalpur
(1901–2000)
Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm) Max (°C) Min (°C) Rainfall (mm)
January 28.5 15.5 13.1 27.0 13.9 17.0 27.2 16.9 11.0 27.6 12.6 14.2
February 31.6 18.6 25.5 29.5 16.7 36.3 28.9 19.5 23.6 30.1 15.1 28.0
March 35.1 22.3 25.2 33.7 21.0 39.4 30.7 22.6 18.1 35.0 19.0 20.9
April 37.2 25.1 30.8 36.0 24.4 54.8 31.2 25.0 20.3 39.3 23.5 14.2
May 37.5 26.5 68.2 36.1 26.0 108.6 32.4 26.7 53.8 41.4 27.0 22.7
June 35.2 26.1 204.9 34.2 26.2 233.4 32.3 26.8 138.1 36.9 26.7 218.9
July 32.0 25.2 326.2 31.8 25.8 297.9 31.0 26.1 174.6 31.1 24.9 459.0
August 31.6 25.1 366.8 31.4 25.8 318.3 31.2 25.9 195.9 30.7 24.8 487.5
September 31.9 24.8 256.3 31.7 25.5 275.8 31.7 25.7 192.0 31.7 24.6 243.5
October 31.7 23.0 190.7 31.3 23.0 184.0 31.4 23.8 237.8 31.7 21.8 56.6
November 30.2 18.8 41.7 29.2 17.8 41.6 29.5 19.7 95.3 29.4 16.2 17.6
December 28.3 15.2 4.9 26.9 13.7 6.5 27.4 16.4 11.4 27.2 12.1 4.8

Biodiversity

Main articles: Flora and fauna of Odisha and Forests in Odisha

According to a

bamboo forests (10,518 km2) and tidal areas of mangrove swamp (221 km2). The state is gradually losing its wilderness areas to timber smuggling, deforestation, destructive mining, and general urban industrialisation, as well as livestock grazing. There have been attempts at conservation and reforestation.[67]

Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are uniquely suitable habitats for wild orchids. Around 130 species have been reported from the state.[68] Around 97 of them are found in Mayurbhanj district alone. The Orchid House of the Nandankanan Zoological Park maintains some of these species.[69]

Indian pied and Malabar pied hornbills. There are also some 60 species of reptiles and amphibians, including the famed king cobra, plus banded krait and tricarinate hill turtle. There is also a mugger crocodile breeding programme in nearby Ramtirtha.[70]

The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary is a 190 km2 protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests, driving the herds of elephants to migrate away, as well as increasing human-elephant conflicts—which sometimes results in injury and death (on both sides). Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration after being accidentally electrocuted by power lines or even hit by trains. Outside the protected area, they are killed by ivory poachers. In 2002, there were about 80 elephants, but by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara Reserve forest, Chilika, Nayagarh district, and Athagad.[71][72] Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has leopards, jungle cats and herds of chital.[73]

The

axis deer and rhesus macaques.[78] The coastal mangrove environments are home to several types of mudskippers, including the barred, Boddart's blue-spotted and great blue-spotted mudskippers.[78]

In winter, Bhitarkanika is also visited by

white-bellied sea-eagles.[80][78] The possibly endangered horseshoe crab is also found in this region.[81]

wading birds spotted there are Eurasian wigeon, pintail, bar-headed goose, greylag goose, greater flamingo, common mallard and Goliath heron.[84][85] The lagoon also has a small population of the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins.[86] The state's coastal region has also had sightings of the rare finless porpoise, as well as the more common bottlenose dolphin, humpback dolphin and spinner dolphins in its waters.[87]

Satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island is also home for tiny red crabs.

According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state. [88]

Government and politics

Odisha State Secretariat building in Bhubaneswar
Main article: Government of Odisha

All states in India are governed by a

universal adult franchise.[90][91]

The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal, the Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party. Following the Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019, the Naveen Patnaik-led Biju Janata Dal stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term, he is the 14th chief minister of Odisha since 2000.[92]

Legislative assembly

Main articles:
Vidhan Sabha

The Odisha state has a

Anglo-Indian community by the governor.[96] The term of the office is for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term.[94]

The

Odisha High Court
, located at Cuttack, and a system of lower courts.

Subdivisions

Main article: List of districts of Odisha

Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters at

Divisional Commissioner (RDC).[97] The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat.[98] The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue, which is headed by a senior officer of the Indian Administrative Service.[97]

Map of districts of Odisha
Division-wise list of districts[99]
Northern Division (HQ – Sambalpur) Central Division (HQ – Cuttack) Southern Division (HQ – Berhampur)

Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from the

Panchayats
(village councils) and town municipalities.

The capital and largest city of the state is

Berhampur, Sambalpur and Rourkela
.

Other municipalities of Odisha include

Baudhgarh, and Umerkote
.

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Odisha
As of the
2011 Census
Rank
Name
 District
Pop.
Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar
Cuttack
Cuttack 		1 Bhubaneswar
Khurda
 881,988 Rourkela
Rourkela
Brahmapur
Brahmapur
2 Cuttack Cuttack 658,986
3 Rourkela
Sundargarh
 552,970
4 Brahmapur Ganjam 355,823
5 Sambalpur Sambalpur 270,331
6 Puri Puri 201,026
7 Balasore Balasore 144,373
8 Bhadrak Bhadrak 121,338
9 Baripada Mayurbhanj 116,874
10 Balangir Balangir 98,238

Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Odisha

Macro-economic trend

Odisha is experiencing a rapid economic growth post-Covid. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.

smart cities. The state capital Bhubaneswar is the first city in the list of smart Cities released in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02 billion over the five years for development.[103]

Industrial development

One of the iron ore mines in Keonjhar district
Rourkela Steel Plant

Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals.[104] It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite.

Rourkela Steel Plant[105] was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration of Germany.

Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major

Nippon Steel Corporation has recently announced to set up their own plants, one of which will be the world's largest and most advanced steel plant in Odisha, with a production capacity of 30 MT annually.[106] Bandhabahal is a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US$13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district.[107]

In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 per cent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth ₹2.01 trillion (equivalent to ₹4.5 trillion or US$56 billion in 2023) in 2010. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[108]

The recently concluded Make in Odisha Conclave 2022 saw the state generate investment proposals worth ₹10.5 trillion with an employment potential for 10,37,701 people. Out of the total investment proposals received, the metals, ancillary and downstream sectors fetched ₹5.50 lakhs crore (trillion), power, green energy, and renewable energy sector fetched ₹2.38 trillion, and chemicals-petrochemicals and logistics-infrastructure sector attracted ₹76,000 crores and ₹1.20 trillion, respectively. Odisha has the potential to become a trillion-dollar economy by 2030.

Transportation

Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneswar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[109][110] Odisha Government Plans Mega Metro Rail Project to Connect Puri and Bhubaneswar [111] The metro rail proposal was given to connect trains between Puri- Bhubaneswar – Cuttack.[112] The Odisha government has planned a new Expressway that will connect Biju Patnaik International Airport airport at Bhubaneswar with the proposed Shri Jagannath International Airport at Puri.[113]

Air

Biju Patnaik International Airport, Bhubaneswar

Odisha has a total of three operational airports, 16 airstrips and 16 helipads.

Dhamra Airport 20 km from Dhamra Port.[117]

Seaports

Gopalpur Port
East Coast Railway headquarters, Bhubaneswar

Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi). It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are:[118][119]

Railways

Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the

South East Central Railway
.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
190110,302,917—    
191111,378,875+10.4%
192111,158,586−1.9%
193112,491,056+11.9%
194113,767,988+10.2%
195114,645,946+6.4%
196117,548,846+19.8%
197121,944,615+25.0%
198126,370,271+20.2%
199131,659,736+20.1%
200136,804,660+16.3%
201141,974,218+14.0%
Source: Census of India[120]
Tribal people of Koraput
, Odisha

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km2.[3]

The literacy rate is 73%, with 82% of males and 64% of females being literate, according to the 2011 census.

The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004–2005 was 57.15% which was nearly double the Indian average of 26.10%. Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24.6 percentage points. According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32.6%[121][122]

Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a death rate of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a Human Development Index of 0.606 as of 2018.[123]

District Headquarters Population
(2011)		 Males Females Percentage
decadal
growth
2001–2011		 Sex ratio Density
(persons
per
km2)		 Child
population
0–6 years		 Child
sex
ratio		 Literacy rate
Angul
 Angul 1,271,703 654,898 616,805 11.55 942 199 145,690 884 78.96
Balangir
 Balangir 1,648,574 831,349 817,225 23.29 983 251 206,964 951 65.50
Balasore
 Baleswar 2,317,419 1,184,371 1,133,048 14.47 957 609 274,432 941 80.66
Bargarh
 Bargarh 1,478,833 748,332 730,501 9.84 976 253 156,185 946 75.16
Bhadrak
 Bhadrak 1,506,522 760,591 745,931 12.95 981 601 176,793 931 83.25
Boudh
 Boudh 439,917 220,993 218,924 17.82 991 142 59,094 975 72.51
Cuttack
 Cuttack 2,618,708 1,339,153 1,279,555 11.87 955 666 251,152 913 84.20
Debagarh
 Debagarh 312,164 158,017 154,147 13.88 976 106 38,621 917 73.07
Dhenkanal
Dhenkanal
 1,192,948 612,597 580,351 11.82 947 268 132,647 870 79.41
Gajapati
 Paralakhemundi 575,880 282,041 293,839 10.99 1,042 133 82,777 964 54.29
Ganjam Chhatrapur 3,520,151 1,777,324 1,742,827 11.37 981 429 397,920 899 71.88
Jagatsinghpur
 Jagatsinghpur 1,136,604 577,699 558,905 7.44 967 681 103,517 929 87.13
Jajpur
 Jajpur 1,826,275 926,058 900,217 12.43 972 630 207,310 921 80.44
Jharsuguda
 Jharsuguda 579,499 297,014 282,485 12.56 951 274 61,823 938 78.36
Kalahandi Bhawanipatna 1,573,054 785,179 787,875 17.79 1,003 199 214,111 947 60.22
Kandhamal
 Phulbani 731,952 359,401 372,551 12.92 1,037 91 106,379 960 65.12
Kendrapara
 Kendrapara 1,439,891 717,695 722,196 10.59 1,006 545 153,443 921 85.93
Kendujhar
 Kendujhar 1,802,777 907,135 895,642 15.42 987 217 253,418 957 69.00
Khordha
 Khordha 2,246,341 1,166,949 1,079,392 19.65 925 799 222,275 910 87.51
Koraput
 Koraput 1,376,934 677,864 699,070 16.63 1,031 156 215,518 970 49.87
Malkangiri
 Malkangiri 612,727 303,913 308,814 21.53 1,016 106 105,636 979 49.49
Mayurbhanj
 Baripada 2,513,895 1,253,633 1,260,262 13.06 1,005 241 337,757 952 63.98
Nabarangapur
 Nabarangpur 1,218,762 604,046 614,716 18.81 1,018 230 201,901 988 48.20
Nayagarh
 Nayagarh 962,215 502,194 460,021 11.30 916 247 101,337 851 79.17
Nuapada
 Nuapada 606,490 300,307 306,183 14.28 1,020 157 84,893 971 58.20
Puri
 Puri 1,697,983 865,209 832,774 13.00 963 488 164,388 924 85.37
Rayagada
 Rayagada 961,959 469,672 492,287 15.74 1,048 136 141,167 955 50.88
Sambalpur
 Sambalpur 1,044,410 529,424 514,986 12.24 973 158 112,946 931 76.91
Subarnapur
Sonepur
 652,107 332,897 319,210 20.35 959 279 76,536 947 74.42
Sundergarh
 Sundergarh 2,080,664 1,055,723 1,024,941 13.66 971 214 249,020 937 74.13

Religion

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Religion in Odisha (2011)[124]

  
Buddhist (0.03%)
  Jain (0.02%)
  Other religion (1.14%)
  No religion
(0.18%)
Gita Govinda

The majority (almost 94%

Khandayat, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata into Odia. Chaitanya Das was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda
.

The Odisha Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus, including Dalits.[125]

Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[126] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Odia writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.[127]

Jain communities together account for 0.1% of the population.[124]

Languages

Main article: Odia language
Bilingual signboard in English and Odia

Languages of Odisha (2011)[128]

  Odia (82.70%)
  Kui (2.24%)
  Santali (2.06%)
  Urdu (1.60%)
  Telugu (1.59%)
  Hindi (1.23%)
  Bengali (1.20%)
  Mundari (1.09%)
  Others (6.29%)
Linguistic maps of Odisha

2011 census of India.[128] It is also one of the classical languages of India. English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India. Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state. Some of the major dialects found inside the state are Sambalpuri, Cuttacki, Puri, Baleswari, Ganjami, Desiya, Kalahandia and Phulbani. The standard language is based on the Cuttacki dialect. In addition to Odia, significant populations of people speaking other major Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Urdu and Bengali are also found in the state, mainly in cities.[130]

The different tribal (Adivasi) communities who mostly reside in western and southern Odisha have their own languages belonging to Munda and Dravidian family of languages. Some of these major tribal languages are Santali, Kui, Mundari and Ho. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.[131]

The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.[132]

Education

Main article: Education in Odisha
Utkal University main gate
Panoramic view of Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

Educational institutions

Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Odisha Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, since 2003, where seats are provided according to order of merit.[133] Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by through Joint Entrance Examination. For medical courses, there is a corresponding National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Odisha
Mayurbhanj Chhau

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Odisha

Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of the Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with 1,000 chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[134][135]

The syrupy dessert

Chhenapoda is another major Odisha sweet cuisine, which originated in Nayagarh.[137] Dalma (a mix of dal and selected vegetables) is widely known cuisine, better served with ghee.[citation needed
]

The "Odisha Rasagola" was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.[138]

Dance

Main article: Odissi
Sharmila Biswas performing Odissi dance

Bharatamuni
, possibly written c. 200 BC. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus.

The variety of dances includes Ghumura dance, Chhau dance, Jhumair, Mahari dance, Dalkhai, Dhemsa and Gotipua.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Odisha
Barabati Stadium in Cuttack

The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the

2023 Men's Hockey World Cup
.

Sports stadiums in Odisha include:

  1. Kalinga Stadium
  2. Barabati Stadium
  3. Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
  4. East Coast Railway Stadium
  5. Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium
  6. KIIT Stadium
  7. Veer Surendra Sai Stadium
  8. Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium[140]

There are some High Performance Centres in the state as well which have been set up at Kalinga Stadium for the development of respective sports in Odisha. Some of the HPCs are as follows:

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Odisha

The Lingaraja Temple at

Maa Tarini Temple situated in Kendujhar district is also a famous pilgrimage destination. Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes.[145]

Odisha's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles.

Kendrapada district is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in Chilika Lake (Asia's largest brackish water lake). The tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park, Mayurbhanj district are integral parts of eco-tourism in Odisha, arranged by Odisha Tourism.[146]

Baleswar district
is a calm and serene site, is mostly unexplored by tourists. The unique speciality of this beach is the ebb tides that recede up to 4 km and tend to disappear rhythmically.

In the western part of Odisha,

Nrusinghanath, is situated at the foothills of Gandhamardhan Hill near Paikmal, Bargarh district
.

In the southern part of Odisha, The

Shakti Peethas in India. Deomali is a mountain peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is located in Koraput district
. This peak with an elevation of about 1,672 m, is the highest peak in Odisha.

The share of foreign tourists' arrival in the state is below one per cent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.[147]

See also

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External links

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