Cyril V of Constantinople
Cyril V | |
---|---|
Church of Constantinople | |
In office | 28 September 1748 – end May 1751 7 September 1752 – 16 January 1757 |
Personal details | |
Born | unknown |
Died | 27 July 1775 Mount Athos |
Previous post(s) | Metropolitan of Nicomedia |
Cyril V Karakallos (Greek: Κύριλλος Καράκαλλος; died 27 July 1775) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two periods from 1748 to 1751 and from 1752 to 1757.
A controversial figure, often blamed for his ideas about the baptism,[1] in 1755 he issued the Oros, a canonical document which, superseding the previous use of accepting Christian converts by Chrismation, stated that all non-Orthodox (including Catholic) baptisms were not valid and all converts needed to be re-baptized.[2]
Life
Cyril was born in Dimitsana,[a] in the Peloponnese. Still young, he was taken captive during the Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) and after his release he went to Patmos where he became a monk. In Patmos, he also continued his studies but he was expelled by the school for behavior issues before graduation.[1]
In 1737, he was appointed
As Patriarch, Cyril had three priorities: the recovery of the patriarchal finances, the fight against Catholic positions and the instruction of the monks. To improve the finances, he raised taxes on the metropolitan bishops and relieved the little parishes: this action was quite successful but made him unpopular among the bishops. He strongly supported the need to re-baptise all converts, and especially women,[7] because he considered the Armenian and Catholic baptisms as not valid. These positions created discontent among the metropolitans, who deposed him in May 1751 and reinstalled the moderate Paisius II in his place. Cyril retired on island of Halki, near Istanbul.
Cyril however was supported by a large portion of the populace, both because of his regulations on taxes and because of his opposition to the Catholic Church. In this regard Cyril was helped by the
With regards to the instruction of the monks, Cyril established in 1749 the Athonite Academy on Mount Athos, and in 1753 he called the eminent theologian and scholar Eugenios Voulgaris to guide it. However the Enlightenment ideas of Voulgaris were too modern for the monks, and he had to resign in 1758.[6]: 220
The opposition to Cyril was led by the Metropolitan of Proilavo (
Cyril was exiled to the
The Oros and the validity of baptisms
From the beginning of his reign, Cyril took a stand against the validity of the
The issue of the validity of baptisms arose after the Ottoman–Venetian War, when the Venetian-ruled Peloponnese was reconquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled the Christians through the millet system and subjected the Catholics to the civil authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople, causing numerous conversions to Orthodoxy. Cyril's actions to require the re-baptism of converts was due both by his fierce anti-Catholic position and by his sincere desire to provide what he considered to be a valid baptism.[6]
As of 1752, Cyril ruled that in any case the Armenian and Catholic converts should be re-baptised. The
In June 1755, Cyril issued a circular letter with title "Anathema of those who accept papal sacraments", and a month later he issued the formal order "Oros (Tome) of the Holy Great Church of Christ" which required the re-baptism in any case for any converts. The Oros had at least seven editions.[8]: 197
No other
According to scholar C.A. Frazee, the Oros, rather than the
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Moustakas Konstantinos. "Kyrillos V of Constantinople". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-913836-81-1.
- ^ Gedeon, Manuel (1890). Πατριαρχικοί Πίνακες (in Greek). Lorenz & Keil. p. [page needed].
- ^ "Κύριλλος Ε´". Ecumenical Patriarchate. Retrieved 19 June 2011.(in Greek)
- ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-02700-4.
- ^ a b Papadopoullos, Theodōros (1952). Studies and documents relating to the history of the Greek Church and people under Turkish domination. Brussels. pp. 166, 197.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Ambrosius Pogodin. "III, The decision of the Constantinople Council of 1756...". On the Question of the Order of Reception of Persons into the Orthodox Church. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-913836-27-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8120-9766-5.
Sources
- Frazee, Charles A. (2006) [1983]. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.