Orthonectida
| Orthonectida | |
|---|---|
| |
| Two different female Orthonectids | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Nephrozoa |
| (unranked): | Protostomia |
| (unranked): | Spiralia |
| Clade: | Platytrochozoa |
| (unranked): | Mesozoa |
| Phylum: | Orthonectida Giard, 1877 [1][2] |
| Species | |
Orthonectida (
Biology
The adults, which are the sexual stage, are microscopic wormlike animals, consisting of a single layer of
When they are ready to reproduce, adults leave the host, and sperm from the males penetrate the bodies of the females to achieve
Classification
The phylum consists of about 20 known species, of which Rhopalura ophiocomae is the best-known.[4] The phylum is not divided into classes or orders, and contains just two families.
Although originally described in 1877 as a class,
Their position in the spiralian phylogenetic tree has yet to be determined. Some work appears to relate them to the
Known species
Phylum Orthonectida
- Family Rhopaluridae Stunkard, 1937
- Ciliocincta
- Ciliocincta akkeshiensis Tajika, 1979 – Hokkaido, Japan; in flatworms (Turbellaria)
- Ciliocincta julini (Caullery and Mesnil, 1899) – E North Atlantic, in polychaetes
- Ciliocincta sabellariae Kozloff, 1965 – San Juan Islands, WA (USA); in polychaete (Neosabellaria cementarium)
- Intoshia
- Intoshia leptoplanae Giard, 1877 – E North Atlantic, in flatworms (Leptoplana)
- Intoshia linei Giard, 1877 – E North Atlantic, in nemertines (Lineus) = Rhopalura linei
- Intoshia major Shtein, 1953 – Arctic Ocean; in gastropods (Lepeta, Natica, Solariella) = Rhopalura major
- Intoshia metchnikovi (Caullery & Mesnil, 1899) – E North Atlantic, in polychaetes and nemertines
- Intoshia paraphanostomae (Westblad, 1942) – E North Atlantic, in flatworms (Acoela)
- Macrorhynchus)
- Rhopalura
- Rhopalura elongata Shtein, 1953 – Arctic Ocean, in bivalves (Astarte)
- Rhopalura gigas (Giard, 1877)
- Rhopalura granosa Atkins, 1933 – E North Atlantic, in bivalves (Pododesmus)
- Rhopalura intoshi Metchnikoff – Mediterranean, in nemertines
- Rhopalura litoralis Shtein, 1953 – Arctic Ocean, in gastropods (Lepeta, Natica, Solariella)
- Rhopalura major Shtein, 1953
- Rhopalura murmanica Shtein, 1953 – Arctic Ocean, in gastropods (Rissoa, Columbella)
- ophiuroids (usually Amphipholis)
- Rhopalura pelseneeri Caullery & Mesnil, 1901 – E North Atlantic, polychaetes and nemertines
- Rhopalura philinae Lang, 1954 – E North Atlantic, in gastropods
- Rhopalura pterocirri de Saint-Joseph, 1896 – E North Atlantic, in polychaetes
- Rhopalura vermiculicola
- Stoecharthrum
- Stoecharthrum burresoni Kozloff, 1993
- Stoecharthrum fosterae Kozloff, 1993
- Stoecharthrum giardi Caullery & Mesnil, 1899 – E North Atlantic, in polychaetes
- Stoecharthrum monnati Kozloff, 1993 – E North Atlantic, in molluscs
- Ciliocincta
- Family PelmatosphaeridaeStunkard, 1937
- Pelmatosphaera
- Pelmatosphaera polycirriCaullery and Mesnil, 1904 – E North Atlantic, in polychaetes and nemertines
- Pelmatosphaera
References
- ^ H. Furuya & J. van der Land (2010). "Orthonectida". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ "Orthonectida Giard, 1877". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ "Orthonectida". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ PMID 8896370.
- ^ ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
- PMID 14658313.
- ^ PMID 31178892.
- Comptes Rendus(in French). 85 (18): 812–814.
- PMID 27374341.
- PMID 19140332.
- S2CID 71716789.
- PMID 32084405.
- PMID 35858055.
- PMID 28560048.