Oryza sativa

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Oryza sativa
Mature seed heads
Inflorescence
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species:
O. sativa
Binomial name
Oryza sativa
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Oryza aristata Blanco
    • Oryza communissima Lour.
    • Oryza denudata (Desv.) Steud.
    • Oryza elongata (Desv.) Steud.
    • Oryza formosana Masam. & Suzuki
    • Oryza glutinosa Lour.
    • Oryza marginata (Desv.) Steud.
    • Oryza montana Lour.
    • Oryza mutica Steud.
    • Oryza palustris Salisb.
    • Oryza parviflora P.Beauv.
    • Oryza perennis Moench
    • Oryza plena (Prain) N.P.Chowdhury
    • Oryza praecox Lour.
    • Oryza pubescens (Desv.) Steud.
    • Oryza pumila Steud.
    • Oryza repens Buch.-Ham. ex Steud.
    • Oryza rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud.
    • Oryza sativa subsp. indica Shig.Kato
    • Oryza sativa subsp. japonica Shig.Kato
    • Oryza segetalis Russell ex Steud.

Oryza sativa, also known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as

Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.[2][3][4][5]

Oryza sativa belongs to the genus

Mbp across 12 chromosomes, it is renowned for being easy to genetically modify and is a model organism for the study of the biology cereals and monocots.[6]

Botany

The species has an erect and stout or slender stalk stem that grows 80–120 cm (30–45 in) tall, with a smooth surface. The leaf is lanceolate, 15–30 cm (5+7⁄8–11+3⁄4 in) long, and grows from a ligule 10–20 mm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) long.[7]

Classification

See also: History of rice cultivation

Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained

purple, and red rices.[9][10]

A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called javanica, but is now known as tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium-grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice

terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.[11]

Glaszmann (1987) used isozymes to sort O. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus, rayada, and ashina.[12]

Garris et al. (2004) used

simple sequence repeats to sort O. sativa into five groups: temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.[13]

Nomenclature and taxonomy

Rice has been cultivated since ancient times and oryza[14] is a classical Latin word for rice while sativa[15] means "cultivated".

Genetics

SPL14/LOC4345998 is a gene that regulates the overall

agronomic traits.[17]

Rice is one of the earliest uses and validation models for the semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) method developed in 2016.[17]

Resistance to the rice blast fungus

resistance genes including Pi1, Pi54, and Pita.[20]

O. sativa has a large number of

insect resistance genes specifically for the Brown planthopper.[21] As of 2022, 15 R genes have been cloned and characterized.[21]

In total, 641

single nucleotide polymorphisms in rice, due to its large genome and high degree of DNA repetition.[17]

The plant hormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid are employed by O. sativa for regulation of immune responses.[22] Salicylic acid broadly stimulate and abscisic acid suppresses immunity to the rice blast fungus M. grisea, and success depends on the balance between their levels.[22]

Breeding

This section is an excerpt from
Rice breeding
IRRI

The

sticky or glutinous rice varieties. High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa, called the New Rice for Africa (NERICA), have been developed to improve food security
and alleviate poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The complete genome of rice was sequenced in 2005, making it the first crop plant to reach this status.

Since then, the genomes of hundreds of types of rice, both wild and cultivated, and including both Asian and African rice species, have been sequenced.

A triple

STS-markers.[20] Pi21 is a gene that confers broad-spectrum non-race-specific rice blast resistance against several strains.[23]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Oryza sativa L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  2. S2CID 140691699
    .
  3. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016
    .
  4. ISBN 978-1-85728-538-3
    .
  5. PMID 23284907
    .
  6. ISSN 1369-5266
    .
  7. ^ Catindig, J.L.A.; Lubigan, R.T.; Johnson, D. (n.d.). "Oryza sativa". Rice Knowledge Bank. International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  8. ^
    S2CID 205216444
    .
  9. ^ Oka (1988)
  10. S2CID 92050510
    .
  11. ^ CECAP, PhilRice and IIRR. 2000. "Highland Rice Production in the Philippine Cordillera."
  12. S2CID 22829122
    .
  13. PMID 15654106
    .
  14. ^ "oryza". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  15. ^
  16. S2CID 223559538. MS ORCID 0000-0002-4559-2535). (RDHB ORCID 0000-0003-3044-2531
    ).
  17. ^
    S2CID 33780984. Chinese Academy of Sciences+Chinese Society for Plant Biology+Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
    .
  18. S2CID 8922855
    .
  19. PMID 24442397
    .
  20. ^
    OCLC 1110184027
    .
  21. ^
    S2CID 247603925
    .
  22. ^ a b
  23. ^ Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding".
    S2CID 214600762
    .

External links

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