Ostróda
Ostróda | ||
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Car plates NOS | | |
Climate | Dfb | |
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Website | http://www.ostroda.pl |
Ostróda
Ostróda is the largest town in the western part of Masuria, and the second largest in all of Masuria after Ełk.
Geography
The town lies in the west of the historic Masuria region on the Drwęca river, a right tributary of the Vistula. Lake Drwęca west of the town is part of the Masurian Lake District. Ostróda has become a growing tourist site owing to its relaxing natural surroundings.
The National road 7 from Gdańsk to Warsaw, part of European route E77, passes through Ostróda. The Elbląg Canal connects Ostróda with the Baltic coast.
History
Middle Ages
At the site of an original settlement of Old Prussians on an island at the river delta where the Drwęca river flows into Lake Drwęca the town of Ostróda evolved. In 1270 the Teutonic Order began constructing wooden earthworks to control the original settlement as well as defend the initial Polish and German settlers. The knights named the new town Osterode after Osterode am Harz in present-day Lower Saxony, Germany (now a sister city with Ostróda). Between 1349-1370 the Order replaced the wood-and-earth fort with a stone castle. The town, whose charter traditionally dates to 1335, quickly became a regional administrative center for the Order.
After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, Claus von Doringe conquered the castle and delivered the town to the victorious Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło.[1] The Polish king brought the body of Ulrich von Jungingen there before travelling to besiege Marienburg (Malbork); the regrouping Teutonic Knights recaptured Osterode a few months later.
In 1440, local nobility co-founded the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation, upon the request of which the town was incorporated to the Kingdom of Poland by King Casimir IV Jagiellon in 1454.[2] During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the town was repeatedly captured by both the Poles and Prussian Confederation on one side and the Teutonic Knights on the other. After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466 it formed part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[3]
Modern era
From 1525 until 1701 Osterode was part of
After the
In the 19th century the town was part of territory dominated by the Polish language, and the Osterode district was inhabited mostly by Poles (71% in 1825, 65% in 1867). The town was a significant Polish centre,[6] whose most famous representative was pastor Gustaw Gizewiusz.[6] Polish newspapers were edited and published in the town, including Mazur from 1885.[4] In 1868 Karol Salewski established a Polish bookshop and a Polish printing house. Osterode was the largest town of Masuria in the early 20th century (according to data from 1905 and 1925), after surpassing Lyck (Ełk) (according to data from 1880 and 1890).[citation needed]
During
During World War II, some expelled Poles from Lubawa County were enslaved by the Germans as forced labour in the town's vicinity.[7] Most of the Osterode citizens had fled during the evacuation of East Prussia, when on 21 January 1945 Osterode was captured by the Soviet Red Army without fighting. However, about 70% of the town was destroyed by arson attacks afterwards. With the conquest by the Soviet Union and the Potsdam Agreement, the town became again part of Poland and most of the remaining German population was expelled. In 1950 26 percent of the population originated from the eastern areas of pre-war Poland, 18 percent were pre-war inhabitants.[5]
While it was previously in
Jewish community
The first certifiable
Number of inhabitants by year
Year | Number[5][4] |
---|---|
1756 | 1,058 |
1775 | 1,319 |
1778 | 1,539 |
1811 | 1,152 |
1816 | 2,180 |
1818 | 2,098 |
1841 | 2,523 |
1885 | 7,026 |
1900 | 13,136 (242 Jews) |
1939 | 19,519 |
2014 | 33,872 |
Sports
The local football club is Sokół Ostróda. It competes in the lower leagues.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Ostróda is
- Osterode am Harz, Germany (24.04.1994)
- Neman, Russia
- Šilutė, Lithuania (27.09.2001)
- Tauragė, Lithuania
Notable residents
- John Christian of Brieg (1591–1639), died in Osterode
- Christian Jakob Kraus (1753–1807), philosopher, economist, linguist
- Gustaw Gizewiusz (1810–1848), Polish political figure, folklorist, translator
- Paul Dahlke (1865-1928), Physician and Buddhist
- Hans Manteuffel (1879-1963), architect
- Friedrich-Wilhelm Neumann (1889–1975), Wehrmacht officer
- Bruno Karczewski (1913–1971), Wehrmachtofficer
- Hans Hellmut Kirst (1914–1989), Author
- Alexander Allerson (born 1930), German actor
- Rita Baltutt Kyle (born 1937), Author
- Werner Olk (born 1938), footballer and coach
- Kazimierz Czarnecki (born 1948), weightlifter
- Gustaw Marek Brzezin (born 1958), politician
- Patryk Czarnowski (born 1985), volleyball player
- Maciej Krzykowski, (born 1991) also known as Av3k is a professional Quakeplayer
Honorary citizens
- Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak
- Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz
- Günter Verheugen
- Tadeusz Oracki
- Edgar Steiner
- Michal Kmiotek
See also
References
- ^ Potkowski, Edward (1994). Grunwald 1410 (in Polish). Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 61.
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. XXXI, 54.
- ^ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215.
- ^ a b c d Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII (in Polish). Warszawa. 1886. pp. 680–681.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.
- ^ a b "Ostróda - Historia miejscowości, Wirtualny Sztetl" (in Polish). Retrieved June 19, 2019.
- ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
- Museum of the History of Polish Jews.