Ostracon
An ostracon (
Ostracism
In Classical Athens, when the decision at hand was to banish or exile a certain member of society, citizen peers would cast their vote by writing the name of the person on the shard of pottery; the vote was counted and, if unfavorable, the person was exiled for a period of ten years from the city, thus giving rise to the term ostracism. Broken pottery shards were also used for anal hygiene. Scholars have suggested that shards from a vote may have been re-used for this purpose, to curse the exiled individual by soiling their name.[1]
Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca
Anything with a smooth surface could be used as a writing surface. Generally discarded material, ostraca were cheap, readily available, and therefore frequently used for writings of an ephemeral nature such as messages, prescriptions, receipts, students' exercises, and notes. Pottery sherds, limestone flakes,[2] and thin fragments of other stone types were used, but limestone sherds, being flaky and of a lighter colour, were most common. Ostraca were typically small, covered with just a few words or a small picture drawn in ink;[3] but the tomb of the craftsman Sennedjem at Deir el Medina contained an enormous ostracon inscribed with the Story of Sinuhe.[2]
The importance of ostraca for Egyptology is immense. The combination of their physical nature and the Egyptian climate have preserved texts, from the medical to the mundane, which in other cultures were lost.[4] These can often serve as better witnesses of everyday life than literary treatises preserved in libraries.
Deir el-Medina Ostraca
The 91 ostraca found at Deir el-Medina provide a deeply compelling view into the inner workings of the New Kingdom. These ostraca have shown medical, and documentary records, some of which provide information on how water was provided, and how economic transactions were carried out. The extreme variety of information on ostraca found presents information that would be lost if it weren't written down.
Like other Egyptian communities, the workmen and inhabitants of Deir el-Medina received care through a combination of
The ostraca from Deir el-Medina also differed in their circulation. Magical spells and remedies were widely distributed among the workmen; there are even several cases of spells being sent from one worker to another, with no “trained” intermediary.
Six people were assigned to Deir el-Medina as "water carriers" who were tasked to bring sacks of water to the village. Having a system in between a central cistern and door to door deliveries, the water carriers filled sacks and delivered them from the floodplain to a central location in the village where each household could receive a quarter to a half of a sack which would amount to ninety six to one hundred and fifteen liters of water per house.[10] The typical household would have six residents, each would get fifteen to twenty liters of water for drinking. One ostracon[11] describes how many of these deliveries were unfulfilled, where five people's rations were undelivered, totaling to four and three quarters sacks or three hundred and seventy five liters of water gone undelivered. On multiple occasions, the citizens of Deir el-Medina attempted to dig a well, presumably due to their displacement toward the water carriers, but to no avail.[10] The first attempt was during the fifteenth year of Ramesses III where a hole was dug twenty two meters into the ground, but with no luck. Before digging another, they established the water table sat at thirty one and a half meters, and in a desperate attempt they dug twenty meters past that, to fifty two meters, but again it was futile. With no water in the well, it was used as a dump where hundreds more ostraca were found.
Economics were unique in Deir el-Medina as transactions between people were closer to trades than modern transactions. Actual money would rarely change hands, as it was more of a measure of worth for an object and when making a deal, trades between people would consider both the worth of each ends of the trade and whether the items presented were needed.[12] Conveniently the most ostraca found were on economics and provide information on what these trades looked like. One such ostracon details a trade with one side offering a ox that was 120 Deben and the other offering two jars of fat, five smooth cloth tunics, one thin cloth kilt, and one hide which when put altogether were 130 Deben.[13]
Saqqara Dream Ostraca
From 1964 to 1971, Bryan Emery excavated at Saqqara in search of Imhotep's tomb; instead, the extensive catacombs of animal mummies were uncovered. Apparently it was a pilgrimage site, with as many as 1½ million ibis birds interred (as well as cats, dogs, rams, and lions). This 2nd-century BC site contained extensive pottery debris from the site offerings of the pilgrims.
Emery's excavations uncovered the "Dream Ostraca", created by a scribe named Hor of Sebennytos. A devotee of the god
Biblical period ostraca
Famous ostraca for Biblical archaeology have been found at:
- Arad, Israel, or Tel Arad
- Lachish
- Mesad Hashavyahu
- Ostraca House at Samaria
- Elah Fortress at Khirbet Qeiyafa[15]
Additionally, the lots drawn at Masada are believed to have been ostraca, and some potsherds resembling the lots have been found.
In October 2008, Israeli archaeologist,
See also
- Ostraca House
- Ostracon of Senemut and Djehuty
- Potsherd
- Satirical ostraca
- Soleto Map
- Monte Testaccio
Notes
- ^ Silver, Carly (2020-07-24). "This Is How They Wiped Themselves in Ancient Rome". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ^ ISBN 0-226-15555-2.
- ISBN 1-932792-40-6.
- ISBN 0-8014-8576-2.
- ^ McDowell 2002, p. 53.
- ^ Janssen, Jac. J. (1980). "Absence from Work by the Necropolis Workmen of Thebes". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 8: 127–152.
- ^ Lesko, p. 68
- ^ McDowell 2002, p. 106.
- ^ McDowell 2002, p. 57.
- ^ a b McDowell 2002, 65–66
- ^ McDowell 2002, 62-63
- ^ McDowell 2002, p. 74
- ^ McDowell 2002, p.75
- ^ Reeves (2000).
- ^ a b "Archeologist finds 3,000-year old Hebrew text", CNN, October 30, 2008
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Christian Ostraka". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Parkinson, Richard; Diffie, W.; Fischer, M.; Simpson, R.S. (1999), Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22306-3.
- Reeves, Nicholas (2000), Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries: A Year-by-Year Chronicle, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-05105-4. (Specifically, "1964–71: The Sacred Animal Necropolis, Saqqara"; and "1964–65: A Statue Finds Its Face".)
- McDowell, A.G. (2002), Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Forsdyke, Sara (2005), Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Litinas, Nikos (2008), Greek Ostraca from Chersonesos, Crete: Ostraca Cretica Chersonesi (O.Cret.Chers.), Vienna: Holzhausen (Tyche. Supplementband; 6).
External links
- Deir el-Medina ostraca in the Petrie Museum
- The Ostracon, the research publication of the Egyptian Study Society.
- Archeologist discovers 3000-year old ostracon
- Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription Biblical Archaeology Review